Unfortunately, two-track dispute the right of invention

 Unfortunately, two-track dispute over rights to inventions Moganshan meeting
sorghum Zhang Shaojie
Watson witness Source: 21st Century Business Herald
1984  9 month, by the Young workers in the National Symposium on Economic Science consider it necessary to come forward and clear historical facts.
two-track dispute the right of the origin of the invention
Originally, multi-track multi-track and even the price, was the originator of the progressive advance reform and opening up, the price adjustment with the natural product release . Moganshan meeting is proposed to capitalize on the trend, however, this practice of intentionally or unintentionally, into a conscious strategy to achieve the transition of China's economy.
records and reports at the time that, at the price reform Moganshan problem is divided into three factions: the source for the deployment of the field representatives; release sent to Weiying as representatives; Watson, Hejia Cheng, Jiang Yue, sorghum, Zhang Shaojie and others proposed a third combination of claim mm release two-track adjustment idea, have been meeting agreed to when he was State Councilor Zhang Jinfu Comrade reported, and ultimately adopted by the central authorities.
However, the release stressed combined two-track strategy for advancing the implementation from the start, to have been a considerable amount of responsibility doubt and criticism, which With the reform in depth and contradictions accumulate, even notorious in the late 1980s, several of us who propose two-track system will naturally become a focus of criticism targets. Therefore, all documents open in the 1980s and even the media information only controversy surrounding the two-track system, No one invented out of contention for the right.
1990's dual-track system to be more the beginning of an overall positive evaluation, Watson'd pointed out many times in the memoir, two-track system is the collective wisdom of Moganshan meeting, and he and related parties simply because of historical accident and opportunities, became symbolic representatives. The right of today's so-called dual-track system argue the invention, as the author of Xu Jingan Moganshan meeting pointed out the main report, is Weiying in the 1990s, started it.
Weiying in the 1990s published books on their own in the introduction, the first self-styled know where he is presented and discussed. Therefore, even though over 1980 people are very surprised to see them, but none of us did not come out to select suspect and rejected. Weiying until its publication in 2006 of home, ; on. In the article, made his first two-track price system reform ideas. Moganshan meeting he said I was put to send representatives. In the end, my point of view to persuade the majority of people, the conference organizers to government leaders r l easy way to listen to my point of view made some amendments to the State Council put forward the meeting The price of Reform, led by the State Council, the attention, l r the resulting two-track price reform of China's official policy. memories are very different, thus causing the so-called debate on the dual system of invention.
as a witness and the parties of this history, we always felt that after the changes of history is very regrettable, but the two-track system has been down in history compete for the right of individuals not the invention of what it meant, so these years we have been avoiding to make a positive statement on the Weiying comments.
However, the recent meeting in Moganshan essentially single-handedly turns fight, more and more applause, memories diametrically opposed, can not simultaneously be true. Weiying said if true, then we've said several two-track meeting on the Moganshan who is lying and fake history. Thus, while such non-black and white case, the truth will always make it clear that some embarrassment, but as the history of what the parties have no room to avoid. We also had three decades of reform and opening up the occasion to clarify the truth, which is both history and the general public respect the right to know, but also help the purification of academic research and people's understanding of the true life story of the reform.
meeting
fact witness in the eyes of history, meeting on the situation in Mogan, meeting over the delegates has brought the country's media .1980 few, but they can influence the young reformers of course, major national decision-making will not be ignored. Moganshan sponsoring organizations of the meeting of media, After the two-track system had been adopted by the central authorities published an interview with Watson, and 4 in 1985 to Periodicals. article describes in detail how the meeting proposed by Watson and others, and to report to the leadership of the two-track release with the case transferred , including such a statement: characteristics of the price path of reform, , Weiying is putting the camp, has nothing to do with the dual system (see the Dean Professor Li Xiaoxi article. Moganshan meeting he was an active figure price group discussions, and in 1987 published representative of society at that time very influential on the views of the year 1999, when he was Secretary of the State Council Research Office as a macro, in his comments when this paper in the 1980s, the generation of two-track system of the year made a complete Description: was promoted as the main ideas of economic reform, it is from the beginning of the meeting. Moganshan meeting in l r, there are three ways of price reform debate: a price to bring up the main idea, and this is the price of the State Council center represented by Comrade Tian; a price to put the main idea, which is represented by Comrade Weiying; there is a advocate dual pricing system, this is the Academy of Social Sciences Watson, represented by Comrade He Jiacheng. In retrospect, to bring up the main idea of conservative, hh prices to put the main, hh possible haste makes waste, anti leading the reform to fail. Most people agree that dual pricing system point of view. hh this line of thinking, and later approval by the Central leaders. Therefore, the price of dual pricing system as a major policy reform introduced. was removed in a main report, summed up in two ideas, however, were grouped and not others but it is precisely removed Weiying point of view. This is because the session leader of the majority of people and organizations that release of a free market price views are too radical, is not feasible, while leaders have stressed the view that, therefore, at the meeting to report to the State Councilor Zhang Jinfu comrades, decided to report only two-track system to send to the idea of Watson, while meeting the reform proposals submitted by the two prices were assigned Tian Yuan, Watson drafting, as an attachment by the sum of these two proposals Xu Jingan written combination of ideas. In this regard, an important meeting to participate in Mogan and organizers, but also in Moganshan Weiying work unit after the meeting that China's economic reform Chen, director of the Institute have a clear description of the consultation. < br> He recalls that when the State Council had to report in person meetings to introduce the mechanism, in principle, yes, but not the specific operational, make such observations of young scholars to understand economics, but not know enough about the actual situation of China; second opinion is too strong, that the current can only do price adjustment, tone only after parity reasonable price reform, the problem is never subjective transfer price adjustment Watson, Zhang Shaojie, sorghum, represented that the prices must be liberalized gradually open to form a market mechanism, let go of the price adjustment is an administrative directive, called the release tone combination, the first release after the transfer. This are ways to gradually expand the market share, so that mandatory plans to gradually reduce the proportion of raw materials and products, and finally to most of the price determined by the market. The problem is that some people may take advantage of the two spread out speculation, but there can be no perfect program, as long as the benefits and disadvantages of small to large can be .
such as Xu Jingan, said he recalled the factual point of view at the three schools of different arguments, see text Weiying to him after the old leadership of the Economic Restructuring of the work done, but no matter how Weiying He really could not recall at the Weiying and put transfer Mogan combined two-track system have anything to do, and can not do Weiying card. Weiying Youyi the grounds of intellectual property rights, and resolutely oppose Xu Jingan the two of them published on this dialogue, he is the last resort to write the article to clarify the statement Weiying and thoroughly after years of turning the case then Moganshan session, participants on all of us, it can not help but hear staggering. Moganshan price field representatives to discuss a major source, heard at a gathering of people, claiming Weiying proposed two-track system, and persuaded most of Moganshan meeting, Tian Yuan publicly ask sarcastically asked, home, , the implementation of two-tier prices, the old price of the old approaches to the management, new methods with new approaches to the management, the final establishment of a new alternative to the price system. The earliest proponent.
Now Weiying Mogan said he would be back in writing before a comprehensive dual-track discussion and mountains with the article, why he did not mention at the two-track system in Moganshan? or another person after out publicly declared his article, so that participants, including economic restructuring after joined by his many colleagues and convince leaders on the spot, to wait until 20 years later, it took a little seen and heard of no one The scanned documents effortlessly convince others to do around?
first meeting on Moganshan dual-track system and the monorail system is not the debate, but let it and the tone of the debate, and Weiying is to send a high-profile market place resolutely opposed to transfer.
had Weiying article also mentioned a long tune, say yes, After having deployed at the mountain, completely abandoned his vague or may be to emphasize the idea, put into a complete school, and deployed in a fierce debate. In this case, there's a third idea is Comprehensive two views put tone, the release, transfer all as a rail, put together tune called two-track combination.
were talking about the main two-track system in tune from the loud speaker, walking on two legs, two-track advance this dynamic sense said, and not to engage in program emphasizes both internal and external prices, as participants and leaders do not accept it. In fact, many participants impressed me most was when Watson and pointing gestures to convince the audience and led a strong argument, not advocating engage in two-tier price, but on the contrary, that the Decentralized Multiple Price has appeared inevitable, then, make the best first release scheme prices, the state organization of production in the market, can stimulate the supply, so that the price whereabouts, and then up the price adjustment plan, the plan approach and combined internal and external prices. It is this grasp this opportunity and make the track more normalized price reverse forward ideas and eventually moved the relevant decision makers.
just put two-track price adjustment after the implementation of integrated strategies in the formation of a transitional form, afterwards became a popular buzzword. Moganshan meeting was in the main report and the leadership of instructions are put in tune with that, and no mention of dual-track system. current state Comrade Zhang Jinfu members to listen to listen to Watson reporting for the first time the word referred specifically asked: prices and market speculation and more questions, Watson explained with the dual tone put forward in order to solve this problem, that of are close to, multivalent normalization . Because of his high-profile adhere to the market price of the be confused with the two-track adjustment.
Second, the article said Zhang Weiying large spread of production prices can be adjusted step by step, after release or discharge, at a time when big is the spread of production, the price had also called two-track year dual system of production prices. this area is precisely the first place and can not be adjusted in order to reconcile the first place while that tune after tune with the first release is the price of Moganshan meeting summed up the difference between reform and the two ideas. < br> So, if the article as evidence only Weiying, he is swinging between the two ideas. Weiying said now is the two-track release, that he still did not understand the true meaning of two-track system, nor understand why he had the made high-profile target model and the market price put on the school advocated Moganshan no reason by the majority.
Weiying put ideas were not adopted at the meeting, he will own after the price reform on the main ideas are summarized in an article entitled Economic System Reform Institute published a paper focused on (This article does not mention place throughout Weiying tune with, or even completely avoid that this time the dual system has become very hot word, he removed to show the internal two-track system mentioned in the article only three words of one, to track prices, shows that he intends to differentiate themselves from the meeting place with the tone with two-track system Moganshan boundaries. after the meeting although he and many of Mogan in the Restructuring of the same participants, but no longer discuss this topic with others, the vision of people fading out late .1980 controversy surrounding the two-track strategy to the extent of white-hot, Weiying never participated debate, but completely indifferent, and even wrote his own two-track system in the organization did not participate in the research discussion paper , said no sentence for the two-track system in the affirmative.
Therefore, the so-called two-track system with Weiying article caused a sensation in the mountains, the view Weiying a meeting to convince the majority, two-track system in the 1980s he was scolded for all the curse words, we can not not lie. because at that time that he claims he has no Weiying two-track system, at which most people do not agree with his views but denied all the curse words will appear in today's online world, there is no possibility Only a few official media in the 1980s.
fact is very clear.
Weiying pulled out of that discussion involved. to the 1990s, when Russia's shock therapy was generally responsible for the reform doubt, a new awareness of the Chinese experience, the Nobel laureate in economics Joseph Stiglitz and even praised the two-track system is the Chinese people in transition After the genius of creation, Weiying suddenly on the right track system have great interest in the invention, proposed and demonstrated two-track price system reform ideas of the scholars. Unfortunately, he is in a book entitled also pointed out that he mentioned is very simple, not known, the promotion of social awareness is not working. Weiying internal document which is not mentioned in the year Moganshan raised, and was adopted put the central transfer combined two-track idea, but the concept of a similar two-tier price, go to guide public opinion, China's combined two-track release is his tone made to the.
, however, to a new century, with the rise Weiying status and fame, he first to propose two-track began to have some impact statement, but he was no longer satisfied or can not stop on their own is just made, he took part in the Moganshan meeting to bring the text, it must be logical he presented a two-track system in Moganshan and persuaded most of the meeting, the results to be led to adopt his views, and promote China's the progress of economic reform. But to do so on the final touches Weiying all prices Moganshan meeting participants discussed the moral bottom line. informants provided in a timely manner to meet all stunned.
like Xu Jingan said, come this far, Weiying to improve their academic standing, to seek maximum benefits, a bit irrational. because to prove the point, it must be declared: Since the 1980s, produced the original two-track meeting on the process of Mogan relevant reports, records and memories are made up and lies; Moganshan conference participants and organization leaders to put Weiying gratuitous transfer to others in public view; Weiying himself personally saw the results of their possession by others in the meeting were silent throughout the 1980s and even accepted; so and so other.
but the witness Moganshan meeting are still alive, the core organizers of the meeting or have entered the ranks of national leaders, Weiying claim to be meeting in Moganshan the majority of people applauded as the only proper representative of nod, it is indeed beyond the imagination of all of us. But in history to take the risk that people can not understand, like academic fraud, witness the meeting in order Moganshan into a huge embarrassment, but also to their own shame.
should be noted that in addition Weiying Moganshan meeting must be wiped off the third camp, he has now deployed the criticism is very unfair. Weiying In an interview, said he and Tian, who the target is the price differences between different modes, others are planned price, so with the tune, he argued that the market price model, which with put, his argument with the others into the reform and conservative differences. In fact, the year of the young reformers in the objectives of the reform model and there is no fundamental differences, the argument lies in the way the transition. Xiaoping's goal was to rationalize the prices are raised to find means to reconcile and put way. Tian is instead a transfer, but does not exclude a release after the conditions are ripe. Jiange introduced at the meeting, Zhou Xiaochuan, Lou Jiwei, a small fast transfer ideas, but also set and guided the transition to supply and demand balance, so the differences we The focus is on how the transition.
fact, the practice of price reform in China has proved the ultimate, pure tone, or put a track price reform can not fulfill the complex and gradual transition, it is placed, with the dual tone and by walking on two legs, before going out price reform of China's success. dual-track concept of the impact was so great, because it was found that China's dual system of gradual reform and transformation of co-existence during the incremental development, adjustment and transformation is a common stock of the road to success is to correctly handle the development, reform and stability between the concrete embodiment. dual system is summarized well the concept of incremental progressive reform. And these early exit after the meeting with discussion Moganshan Weiying nothing to do, and then continue to advocate and Weiying various radical views are contradictory. Weiying now says, did not put there is no dual system, which is equivalent to two-track release. So do not tune to a two-track system? countries with the adoption of adjustment is placed, how can lack of a practice hard, do not really understand what is the dual system, that rely on China's price reform is a in the late 1980s had suffered a serious challenge and the community's strong rebound is adjusted by the combination of place to put efforts to promote two-way transfer only through the rapids to the final price reform, the basic completion.
should be noted that the economic system Reform of Chinese economists as a group did play a role, but no one should be easy to revise history, exaggerating the role of individuals. also fair to say that Chinese economists what their original limited, more of a learning and learn from other people's things. in the drawing, if combined with their own characteristics, some development, we innovated. point of view, from the rectification of names for the money, the market price and the open, entrepreneurial function, the privatization of the logic of capital employed labor, etc., in the West is the first in China, not to say it. Weiying, perspective tune with the recommendations put Moganshan thus affecting the reform it? what else can we pick the fruit it?
In fact, economists should know that the real history of promoting social transformation and progress of a government action and public interactive practice. In commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of reform and opening up, the main task of economists is to really Summing up the lessons learned over the past three decades, the next three years for the Chinese people greater and more arduous journey, provide some predictability of how many and perspective of professional power. economists even to leave some traces of the individual, this is the display area can truly unlimited.
Xu Jingan Weiying in the article last words should represent the Moganshan Conference witness to say,

The authority of Cognition in Children

 Review authority cognition in children's music can be good

Zou Xiaoyan summary authority is manifested in the social system, the institutionalization of legitimate power, and the personal exercise of power. The authority of knowledge mainly refers to Characteristics of the relationship between the authority and the authority of knowledge, is an important aspect of social cognition. the correct view of the authority of the training, education for children set an example image, autonomy and social adaptation of children's development. the current understanding of authority The research focuses on understanding the relationship between children and authority of the authority of the impact of cognitive factors and so on. on the authority of the research focused on the relationship between cognitive development of children at different ages on; affects children cognitive authority on the authority of the main factors characteristics of knowledge, command type, social context, problems areas, cultural factors and personality characteristics of children.
Keywords Children authoritative social cognition independence of cognitive authority
1 Introduction
authority (authority ) is manifested in the social system, the institutionalization of legitimate authority, and the personal exercise of power [1]. For children, mainly referring to the authority of parents, teachers and peer influence. the authority of knowledge (conception of authority), including the authority to authority relations and cognitive characteristics, but the authority of the cognitive features of cognitive authority is often seen as one of the factors. the authority of knowledge first appeared in four, and the growth and development with age [2]. authoritative knowledge is an important component of social cognition [3], is the socialization of children an important way for the development of [4]. adolescent conflict with parents, research shows that reflects the authority of the cognitive development of children's autonomy development is the development of children's autonomy important factor [5]. the authority of the parent-child relationship of cognitive development also have important implications for young people the recognition of parental authority higher the degree of affinity with their parents the higher the [6 ]. Piaget first rules from the moral and cognitive study of authority, while the real authority of specialized knowledge on a systematic study of the American psychologist William Damon. In recent years, research on cognitive authority gradually increased, and extended to various fields. So far, research on children's cognitive authority on the authority of the features aimed at children, awareness of the relationship between the authority and the authority of the cognitive effects of cognitive factors and so on.
cognitive development of authority relations
authority of the relationship is between the authority of those with influence and authority of the affected object, the relationship between domination and obedience, is a kind of social relations [12]. For children, the cognitive authority relations refers to children the relationship between himself and the cognitive authority figures, understanding authority relations change with age, showing a certain trend. The correct relationship between the authority of knowledge on children's social adaptation and social practices of the culture have an important role. < br> 2.1 Piaget and Kohlberg Cognitive
authority relations of Piaget, although not directly the authority of knowledge of children, but he believes that the origin of moral responsibility is respected by the people of their order subject to the observance of the authority, reflects the moral awareness of children's cognitive authority. Piaget described children in three different stages of moral cognition, can be found at each stage of cognitive authority on children's descriptions. First of all, previous moral stage (0-5 years), children do not feel the need to obey. This phase was also seen as authoritative before the stage, children's environmental information to the outside world has not yet formed the concept of obedience, the need to obey the first result from the force great respect for adult authority. Then he controlled phase (6-10 years), he embodies the core of the control children on the adult one-way obedience, the authority of this stage, the concept of children is one-way, adult centers, children can not be independent of the authority to make moral judgments. to the independent phase (since 11 years old), children that are equal members of a group, children and adults should be a mutually beneficial relationship, obedience to authority is no longer necessary, as the adults in is the authority and children's moral reasoning about [7]. Kohlberg Jean Piaget's theory is extended to all over the world validation, obtained a similar conclusion that the children can not distinguish experienced authority, subject to the rational way to judge authority of the phase [13].
2.2 Damon the authority of the relationship between cognition
Damon familiar life situation of children in the story of the moral dilemma of children aged 4-11 to explore the authority of knowledge, and children under the age response to the dilemma of the story concluded its authority cognitive development trends. Initially, the child can not request authority figures and their desire to distinguish, the blind worship of authority. Subsequently, the children began to realize the requirements of authority figures with their own desires conflict but based on the worship of authority or fear of punishment and unilateral obedience. with age, children start with a rational evaluation of subject and based on the principle of exchange and reciprocity, the authority of the relationship as mutually beneficial relationship between the two sides. Finally, the absolute authority no longer exists, the relevant authority and special situations [2].
Damon research on authority relations than previous studies with a qualitative leap, especially found in the cognitive development of features of authority relations, but his research No further in-depth, authoritative relationship exists for the scene, children's specific authority under which the relationship between the judge did not elaborate, the lack of authority in the future study of cognitive factors are added in succession.
2.3 Zhang Wei, An Autumn Ling et al Cognitive
of authority relations scholars Rip Millet, who has problems in the study related to children's cognitive authority relations has been discussed. He believes that through early age children are unable to distinguish between the authority and fairness, then after fair stage, the final stage of development to the highest mm on the Wei et al (1996) further explored this conclusion, the results showed that children from age 5 to 10 years of age, cognitive authority relations for the basic line with this trend, but this development is not a straight up, in change around age 13, appears repeatedly. This may be due to the emergence of the reasons children start puberty, for the independent pursuit of self-change, which will once again seek a fair, against the authority of the constraints. This does not mean Children blindly against their parents, the children of this age on the relationship between parental authority in the personal development orientation and cognitive level of co-existence of a coordinated, they can stand in their cognitive authority relationships, and compare the relationship of parental authority reasonable understanding and coordination between the authority of their relationship with their parents [14].
Anqiu Ling, Chen Guopeng authority on cognitive level of Chinese children were found: the authority of the Chinese Children's cognitive development between children with foreign presence similar stages: first, the relationship between children's understanding of authority is mainly affected by the constraints of external information, with the authority of orientation. with age, children experience the subject of cognitive authority, and coordination phase, until eventually the relationship began on the authority of the rational thinking, to determine a relationship of equality [14].
addition to the above study, a large number of children's social cognitive researchers also conducted a study of cognitive authority relations. Selman has studied the authority of the parent-child relations event, subject to , penalties, and other issues to resolve conflicts, and through the children of these events to infer the authority of the cognitive reasoning level, the above studies found a similar conclusion [15].
can see, all the authority of cognitive research on children The results are almost consistent. young children can not be described as an authority figure demands and aspirations of its own distinction between the blind worship of authority, single subject, there is no concept of real authority; school-age children are beginning to realize the requirements of authority figures with their own aspirations the conflict, but the constraints based on external information still has the authority orientation; adolescence is considered a two-way parent-child relationship, children begin with a rational evaluation, parental authority is only through a wealth of knowledge and skills exist. Generally speaking, children gradually adults as equal authority with the children grow older the image decreases. In addition, note that children respond to the authority of the strategy also corresponds with this development process is constantly changed, from the initial use of accepted strategy development to strategy consultation and refused ��34��.
3 children, the impact of cognitive factors in the authority of the authority of
children is a need for an overall sense of understanding the concept, influenced by many factors. The current research focuses the authority of the person's own characteristics, the type of command authority be issued, the existing social situation, problems areas, and cultural factors and personality characteristics of children on other factors.
3.1 authority characteristics (authority attributes) Cognitive < br> authority of the features is the authority figure has to be the authority of the specific features. children's cognitive characteristics of authority including the physical characteristics of adults, adult identity, social status and knowledge of nurses, and this knowledge by the impact of cultural background, different cultural backgrounds of children in the cognitive differences.
Piaget that the orientation of young children is based on the authority of adult age, size, strength and other physical characteristics [7], and Damon et al study found that adult status, knowledge, and authority figures of the social status characteristics of children judged the authority to consider an important factor [2] [8].
Based on this, Laupa system, the authority of the U.S. school-age children feature of cognitive study found that in children early, children can not understand the importance of social status, knowledge is the most important feature of the authority to determine, with age, to middle childhood, children, lack of social status or deny the authority of knowledge characteristics ; to adolescence, social status is the authority to determine the most important feature, much better than knowledge. Overall, the authority to judge children's progress, the social status of the evaluation is the most important factor, followed by knowledge of adult status and can not be authority of the rationalization of reasons, but also has social status and knowledge of people more likely to become the authority [9].
ZHANG Wei et al study found that Chinese children with American children the most valued characteristics of different social status, China Children pay more attention to general knowledge, that knowledge is the basis for judging the authority of the Chinese identity of young adult children are the most valued and least valued social status, with age, social status characteristics of this authority gradually increased, and then as an adult gradually decreased [10]. This may be due to cultural influences, the Chinese tradition of respecting knowledge society, and American society more attention to children's social competence, and therefore, American children on the social acceptance of a higher level of organization. In addition, as an adult and knowledge factors as the authority of the moral characteristics of Chinese children's moral judgments of fuzzy events also have important implications [11]. It should be noted that although the authority of American children of different recognition characteristics of different, but both feature a variety of authoritative Children are more easily accepted by the lack of any authority of the features will affect the authority of the image set.
3.2 command type (type of command)
for children who do not always obey authority, the authority who issued by the different type of command influence children's authority judgments. especially when the authority issued harm others command, children are more willing to accept peer and adult non-authoritative commands (such as stop fighting) [8]. Laupa further explore the pre-school children and school-age children to obey the command of authority, the results showed that all children are present in this matter of similarity, difference is that pre-school children are still receiving a small portion of the irrational command authority figures (beating, etc.), and school-age children unreasonable, without exception, against the authority of command. It describes the authority of the previous cognitive level consistent with the trend, that the authority was originally targeted young children, the age rating on the authority of the gradual growth of the objective [17]. In addition , another study found, children with parents or friends at home than on the authority, children are more recognized in the formulation of its rules against theft authority [16]. Thus, children are more sensitive to the moral order, especially when the authority's orders violate social ethics, the child more to be rejected. This is the field on issues related to the problems.
3.3 problems areas (domain)
recent years, researchers on children's social different areas of cognitive problems occurred beginning to pay attention. The initial field is divided into areas of moral, social and psychological areas of conventional fields. ethical areas mainly related to personal power and well-being issues, such as assault or theft; social conventional fields is about the individual in society system of coordination and interactions, such as table manners, etc.; psychological field is about the concept of individual psychological characteristics, such as beliefs, thoughts, feelings and opinions, including personal events, such as personal friends, or style of dress, etc. [15] .
Smetana further divided into three areas as ethics, social routine, friendship matters and complex matters, safety and health matters, personal affairs, on this basis, the authority on young people of understanding further. of moral General Affairs and Social Research found that parents and children that parents have authority to bind the moral and social conventional children's behavior; but in personal matters (such as household chores and children's personal appearance, etc.) and some complex matters (cases involving a number of areas event), the youth and their parents often conflict because of these matters, the parents of children considered to be personal matters outside the competence, more likely to refuse to limit the authority of parents, and parents were considered to be within their competence, society should be routine. but with age, parents and children agree that children in such matters with greater decision-making power; in the safety and health matters, although parents and young people think that such matters are within the scope of adolescent self- , but for safety and health considerations, parents, adolescents and parents were recognized authority on such matters [22]. However, young people still strive for greater autonomy [23].
In addition, children with occurrence of parental authority areas of conflict cultural differences [24]. Smetana study of Chinese children in Hong Kong found that 4-year-olds could have been personal affairs and the moral and social routine to distinguish, and that children in the personal affairs of a certain power, and in the moral and conventional issues parents discretion. Similarly, with age, children believe that more decisions should pursue opportunities [25].
ZHANG Wei et al (1996) to our children research in the field for the problem and found that Chinese children in morality, life and friendship is concerned, although some differences (slightly lower proportion of individuals subject to making friends), but the difference was not significant, that parental authority in all areas of recognition are relatively high, this happens because the Chinese children's self-awareness is not strong enough, it may be more traditional Chinese values emphasize all the result of collaboration rather than individual subject teachers ..
authority on reasonable there are also areas to determine the difference. Youth that the moral, conventional, complex matters, the teacher has a reasonable authority, and in personal matters of the children should have more decision-making power.
areas of authority of the theory of cognitive study not only for adolescents in the United States, in Mexico, China, the Philippines and other countries in Europe the study of young people has also been similar conclusions [27]. field theory, more recent research has made some achievements, the authority Other related areas of cognitive research foundation. But in the area of the division of authority in all areas of cognitive development of children in the study of the extent there are still some ambiguity, need further study.
3.4 social situations ( social context)
authority is a social relationship rather than merely a personal characteristic, which changes with changes in the social context, different social situations, children have the same authority figures in different cognitive and social Context is an important factor of cognitive authority.
research shows that children of school authority (such as teachers and principals) has great situational cognitive limitations, the vast majority of children made it clear that the authority is not entitled to off-campus school rules in any context, even a small part of children's recognition of its legitimacy, but also to prevent injury in a number of events (such as fighting), which also has the mandate of reasonable real time characteristics. and none of the high grade children exception against the school authority of the characteristics across situations than children in lower grades more likely to accept the authority of schools outside the school where some of the rules established by the command [18]. The features and characteristics of children's cognitive development authority consistent with the existence sex.
compared with the school authority, parental authority can be extended to situations outside the home (such as schools and parks, etc.), with cross-situational. This may be because their parents were authoritative role as one of child care, there is no to be confined to special occasions. But this does not mean that parental authority is unlimited authority, when parents and teachers command a conflict between the command, the command in the school will be limited rationality [19]. In addition, social the field situation and the problem occurred there was an interaction. Tisak et al study also found violations in the development of moral and social rules do not meet the order on the authority of mothers and teachers have more rationality across situations. In addition, the mother at home than in schools have more authority, and teachers in schools with more authority [20].
more restrictive for children of obedience, and compliance behavior of situational significance [21], only the grasp of children situational factors in social cognition, personality and social nature of children will have a full and true understanding. In addition, the command authority figures in different conflict situations and circumstances and the binding of different orders are very important issues , but has not been specific research, so this will still continue to be one of the case.
3.5 cultural factors
previous studies have shown that children in different cultures have the concept of social rules different. collectivist culture, children are often considered to be more social harmony, more must abide by the authority; and individual culture of the children are more independent, more emphasis on individual rights. Typically, the individual culture of the United States as representatives, Zeyi collectivist culture of China and Japan, represented by [28]. However, the findings as a basis to find, and usually that is contrary to the views, the Chinese young people more support in the peer context for children's independent decision opposition to adult authority to make all the decisions; and the study of Canadian children found that some of Canada's young children on the school curriculum more supportive of the decision-making authority of adults, the researchers believe may be due to too much emphasis on hierarchy in Chinese families, young people that the authority of parents of children already have too much control, resulting in strong demand their autonomy, while Western society is just the opposite [29]. The study also shows that the reasons for the modernization of China has undergone great social relationships of children changes in view of the authority of the child began to fade, and the parents of children began to be more willing to respect the choice of [30]. These are the needs of social cognition in children in cross-cultural study of the factors to be considered.
3.6 children's personality Features
personality of the child's own perception of their authority. Xuqin Mei and others on the authority of children with different levels of cognitive anxiety, and found that children with high anxiety and low anxiety children cognitive behavior of teachers the authority of the significant differences. high anxiety children cognitive behavior of teachers, the main authority is not subject to, and relatively low anxiety children to obey. Also, children's anxiety level interaction between gender, anxiety level that affects only boys of different behavior on the cognitive authority of teachers , no influence on the girls [31]. but for the personality characteristics of an authority figure that the character of the child on the authority of the good or bad does not really care [11].
these factors are important to the authority of the cognitive influence, but it should be noted that these factors are not isolated impact on children's conception of authority, and sometimes interact with certain types of factors that play a role. such as the social context of the study found that the problem in different areas, authority by the degree of cross-situational differences exist ([20]); and different types and different areas of command sometimes the authority of the common perception of the child.
addition to the above factors, the parenting styles, adolescent family economic background and other factors also affect children's cognitive authority. studies show that with laissez faire and authoritarian parenting styles than authoritative rearing children can develop a more objective assessment of the authority of [23]. Compared with low-income families high-income families rejected parents of young people more authority in the personal affairs of the constraints [32]. while studies have shown that the adoption of children, and families living in the natural parents of children and to defend their autonomy against the authority of parents relative to ratio of children to be adopted is more subject to parental authority [33]. Also note that with the development of society, girls and boys in response to the strategy used when the authority was no significant difference [34].
4 Conclusion
authority cognition in children's development is the formation of social personality an important way, the correct view of the formation of the authority will affect children's peer relationships is essential, parent-child relations. in recent years, cognitive authority research has made great progress, but there is still insufficient. First of all, on the authority of the cognitive studies are too scattered, not systematic, on the authority of the characteristics of the type of command in different contexts and the role of the field to grasp the cross which had been lacking, although Some of this is illustrated, but for different characteristics and different type of command authority to the field in various situations and the interaction is not specifically addressed; Secondly, the research method there are some limitations of the past, the story mainly dilemma method interviews and other researchers is presented to the subjects of the pictures or description of the story, which may occur because of language comprehension of children with different development or other reasons of reliability of the results. Therefore, in the future study, we should pay attention to the improvement of this method, recent research in the field of social personality, people no longer confined to the past, some of the research method, has been trying to combine with the cognitive domain, if you can try cognitive approach The combination of traditional methods to study children's conception of authority, the significance of the results will be even greater. In addition, we can see that the study of cognitive authority in the United States, cross-cultural research is only in a few countries, such as China, Canada, Hong Kong and other places, cross-cultural research is not enough depth and breadth. Finally, although the authority of the characteristics of an authority figure is not necessarily found in adults, but most experimental studies are proposed to the authority of the image for adults, and peer authority and has not been much attention, but this can not be ignored, therefore, in future studies to focus on this aspect of the problem. In short, to the interplay of social relations cognitive grasp of the characteristics of children and the authority of the law of development in order to better understand children's personality development, for education.
Reference
[1] Reber A S. Dictionary of Psychology, Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1996 . 81-82
[2] Windmiller M, Cambert M, Turiel E. Moral Development and Socialization. Boston. Ally and Bacon INC. 1980. 35-69
[3] Pang Lijuan, Tian Ruiqing. children's social cognitive characteristics of the development. Psychological Science, 2002, 25 (2): 144-147
[4] An Qiuling, Liu Jinhua. Children's behavioral tendencies of the three authorities. Psychological Science, 2003,26 (1): 161 -162
[5] Yau J, Smetana J G. Adolescent-Parent Conflict among Chinese Adolescent in Hong Kong. Child Development, 1996, 67:1262-1275
[6] Wang Meiping (Master Thesis). Parenting way young people view of parental authority / behavioral expectations and parent-child relationship independent research, Shandong Normal University, 2001.04.07
[7] Piaget J with. Fu system first, land a Civil translation. children's moral judgments. Shandong Education Press . 1984,49-82
[8] Laupa M, Turiel E. Children 's Conceptions of Adult and Peer Authority. Child Development, 1986, 57: 405-412
[9] Laupa M. Children' s Reasoning About Three Authority Attributes: Adult status, Knowledge, and Social Position. Developmental Psychology, 1991, 27 (3) :321-329
[10] Zhang Wei, Wang Suijun, Zhang Xia. our children on the authority of the characteristics of cognitive research. Psychological Development and Education, 1995, 11 (3): 24-27
[11] Liying Li, Wu Sina. fuzzy moral authority of the incident impact on children of moral reasoning. Psychological Development and Education, 2002, 3: 12-17
[12] Zhang Yun Zhu. Research Study and Reconstruction of Teacher Authority. Guangxi Social Science, 2002,86 (2): 224-226
[13] MOTHER. moral development psychology. Anhui Education Press. 2004 . 92-117
[14] An Qiuling, Chen Guopeng. children of different age levels of cognitive authority. Psychological Development and Education ,2003,3:17-22
[15] Laupa M, Turiel E , Cowan P. Obedience to authority in children and adults. In Killen M, Hart D, Morality in everyday life: A developmental perspective. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1995. 131-164
[16] Tisak M S. Childrenrs conceptions of parental authority. Child Development. 1986, 57:166-176
[17] Laupa M.
[18] Laupa M, Turiel E. Children 's Concepts of Authority and Social Contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1993. 85 (1) :191-197
[19] Laupa M. Children' s reasoning about authority in home and school contexts. Social Development, 1995, 4 (1): 1-16
[20] Tisak M, Crane-Ross D, Tisak J, Maynard A M. Mothers 'and teachers' home and school rules: Young children's conceptions of authority in context. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 2000, 46 (1): 168-188
[21] Li Donghui, MOTHER, Hou Jing. parental control and child compliance behavior Research. PSYCHOLOGY, 2001 , 9 (4) :341-346
[22] Smetana JG, Asquith P. Adolescents 'and parents' conceptions of parental authority and personal autonomy. Child Development, 1994, 65:1147-1162
[23] Smetana J G. Parenting Styles and Conceptions of Parental Authority during Adolescence. Child Development, 1995, 66: 299-316
[24] Yau J, Smetana J G.. Adolescent-Parent conflict in Hong Kong and Shenzhen: A comparison of youth in two cultural contexts. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2003, 27 (3) :201-211
[25] Yau J, Smetana J G. Conceptions of Moral Social-Conventional and Personal Events Among Chinese Preschoolers in Hong Kong. Child Development, 2003, 74:647-658.
[26] Smetana JG, Bitz B. Adolescents 'Conception of Teachers' Authority and Their Relations to Rule Violati ...

Dry autumn - 12 Best Beauty supplements section!

 Our skin also needs according to the seasons get rest and recharge. With dried autumn comes, how to skin tonic? Make more, too far, and the skin does not absorb prone fat granule. Wrong, no reason to waste energy, or even adverse effects . autumn special offer for you skin tonic Kampo first activity of skin conditioned medium, containing the precious essence of natural Ganoderma lucidum extract, infusion of energy for the cell to promote micro-circulation, the skin glow vitality! Free Plus Run cool water make-up of six plant ingredients nourish ? 180/125mL Peel Free Plus cool Run make-up water ? 180/125mL jujube, dried tangerine peel, honeysuckle, mountain gardenia, peach kernel, barley's natural plant extracts, to nourish the skin and awaken the skin self-renewal capacity. nourishing anti-aging beauty   Messenger Extreme Night Cream ? 3150/35g Ganoderma wizard to add the ultimate spirit of energy the United States   Night Cream ? 3150/35g changes in cell regeneration sleep time, the precious essence of red and black fungus Ganoderma lucidum extract synergies evolution , to the skin of the most advanced nutritional supplement. Chanel Revitalizing Firming Eye Cream ? 615 Horsetail Chanel Revitalizing Anti-Wrinkle Firming Eye Cream old age, ? 615 Kampo horsetail extract helps rebuild the skin's connective tissue, anti wrinkle generated. Home Merlot Shea Butter 24-hour effect ? 189/50g nourishing shea butter shea home Merlot 24-hour Cream ? 189/50g efficiency of 35% shea butter is rich in essential oils, all-weather supplement nutrition to the skin activated and deep moist skin. Herborist reverse time constant U.S. Firming Serum ? 360/15mL Ganoderma + Rhodiola and metabolic Herborist reverse time constant U.S. Firming Serum ? 360/15mL Rhodiola tonic , Ganoderma Yijing gas, a combination of both, can promote metabolism, delay skin aging. master Whitening Essence Estee Lauder bamboo water activity of antioxidant water ? 420/125mL bamboo green bamboo white water activity repair Estee Lauder protect the essence of pure clean water ? 420/125mL bamboo extracts and vitamins and minerals can effectively combine a mixture of smooth skin and reduce wrinkles. Shu Uemura Whitening Essence net through the sniper ? 650/30mL gentian net through melanin Shu Uemura whitening Essence ? 650/30mL gentian, orange peel extract with baicalin, can slow the biological synthesis of tyrosinase, reduce melanin formation. Anna Sui Whitening Cream Hydroscience ? 460 licorice synergies Angelica Anna Sui Whitening Hydroscience Conditioning Cream ? 460 natural extracts of licorice, angelica extract, mother of pearl essence and so will not only immediately Moisturizes skin whitening more help. Clinique Derma White Brightening Essence ? 480/10mL improved mulberry stain Scutellaria Clinique Derma White Blemish Cream ? 480/10mL plant extracts to effectively improve the stain, a unique transmission vector can instantly release whitening ingredients. Qingying Neutrogena Pore Conditioning Toner Daren ? 89/200mL Burnet, cinnamon oil Neutrogena Qingying conditioning tune Shui ? 89/200mL natural herbal extracts, combined with witch hazel pores compact components, effectively regulate skin oil secretion, to help restore the skin hydrated Qingying, meticulous soft. Urara Deep Cleansing Oil net Yen ? 125/150mL laurel oil clean pores Urara Deep Cleansing Oil net Yen ? 125/150mL to laurel oil has antibacterial, bactericidal effect, and the pores of the surrounding soft effects known to all mankind, to help remove sebum, corner tied, so that pores net cool.

Bo opened in the green channel spread cheer for the green led green green culture

 Bo opened in the green channel spread cheer for the green led green green culture
spread civilization
Notice   published in this blog are original articles,
copyright all my.
For reprint
written consent of the subject,
otherwise reserved to the infringer of liability to be held
right!!
welcome comments, but not children, except
,
except for commercial advertising,
impede the visual impact of the public, except
Tiezheng book
recorded
Green News Green Report March
election
green green green landscape situation set
Digest

Green Bo Green symphonic poem
of the Green Revolution to create the green light

Chinese in China
proud of China's female professors
newspaper New Exploration

newspaper editorial newspaper enterprises and the Internet Age University School
University News Newspapers

to youth in most needed flash
witness said the motherland six years
University
Category
Notice
with a responsible attitude about the attitude of self-education
use, analysis by the media
cultural perspective, look at the concept of ecological
green, leading social
comments
Loading ...
message
Loading ...
picture
Loading player ...
Loading ...
visitors
Tags:
obedient citizens prosper, against the people perish. This is already been proven by history than eight times the truth. losers in children in order to successful, must play the is the and people familiar with how to narrow the distance. whether it is the size of government officials or the media, do the same. the church's priest is no exception. They know that only starting from the proximity in order to allow himself to be accepted by the people.
When we do many things, but it used to formalism, performance engineering, not from and
Author: (United States) Eleanor Braun, Harry
Translator: Chen Rongsheng
2007 �� an cold morning, in Washington, DC, a subway station, a man with a violin playing the six Bach, played a total of about 45 minutes. in front of him on the ground, placed a hole in the cap upward.
Obviously, this is a one street performers.
no one knows, the violinist in the subway entertainer is Joshua Bell, the world's greatest musicians. he is playing one the world's most complex works, using a violin worth $ 3,500,000.
Joshua Bell played in 45 minutes,
Tags:
According to the British , an academic team studied the situation of children in Chinese British, Chinese students identified several factors of success. One of the most important is the attention and expectations of parents.
the UK Equality and Human Rights Commission released data show that Chinese children over the years has been the GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) the best scores, and local education policy makers to achieve the goal of advocacy: children of poor families in a small gap with other children. Goff made the British Education Secretary, Chinese students need to think about what advantages are not other children.
British researchers derived the main point: Chinese families believe that respect for education is a pillar of national identity is a way to succeed, not only in their own communities, but also the relative in other ethnic groups. some evidence that the family's investment in education is particularly conspicuous.
relative to the British parents, Chinese parents seem to pay more attention to education, higher expectations for their children. In British eyes, the most good college course, Oxford, Cambridge, but most parents do not have these two schools as they seek the palace, not to make certain the children to get into Oxford and Cambridge, requirements and expectations. I asked a lot of the UK parents, they often ask me, always read your column. your language simple but rich in philosophy, and often gives me a sense of sobering. have always felt that you are an intelligent, attractive good teacher. now facing a very difficult choice, self do not have enough wisdom and courage to make choices. special to ask you, want to give me some pointers in the confusion.
I graduated in 2010. and, like many students, my profession it was the parents to help choose. the university I not interested in mathematics and the physical requirements of the profession is high, I'm just not good at these 2 families. Therefore, although the efforts of learned, but with little success. I began to think inter-professional job, do what you like. I am fitness compared interested, ready to go to Beijing to do after graduation gym personal trainer. but my parents were strongly opposed to the idea, give me find a career in home units. I did not want to go, but parents who are relatively strong, also launched all the relatives do the work for me. I am a relatively well-behaved children, under strong pressure in the outside world, I caved in and returned to his hometown of public institutions to work.
work for a few months now, more and more do not like this kind of life. I really do not want to have this life in a small county town, do not want to leave his life left
Tags:
that scene seared in my memory, always will think of it.
to Churchill Manor. Despite the large manor, is impressive. look around, or the vast expanse of the lawn, or Qingying opacity of the lake. It claims to be Britain's biggest private house, than the palace is also beautiful. (in fact, and Windsor compared to the castle, the hardware still has a big gap, then wins an idyllic preparation). centerpiece Branam magnificent palace, painting, sculpture, tapestries and fine furniture pieces are priceless. Although this left me with a very impressed, but the deeper the impression is that let the child run in the wilderness that couple.
The weather was cold. from the estate to the maze to take the train from the less there or three kilometers. come out from the maze, quickly got into the train. life and death of two children but not in the car. They have been sitting in the car in and negotiate with parents. parents are very patient, not a bit anxious. repeatedly said, ;. but the two children just do not get on the train. I realized that they want to train and race. days of that, the distance is indeed very far. boy slightly larger, about 10 years old; girls only like six or seven . We walked all feel tired, they went back to Manor? though, my English is bad, but also anxious than their parents, joined the ranks of persuasion. drivers who deliberately waited a good while. Haoshuidaiyue is not a. in
Tags:
Holidays. Chinese people are the children home to see their parents. In the UK, many elderly people to see their children leave home.
see, hear the story of trying to find tickets to go home, think of Christmas just past, I think of the British railway station in the secluded, I think of going to her holiday home for the elderly that ......< br> Nian-gen to. a ticket is hard. colleagues told me that they tried a couple ways to buy only the two hard-seat tickets. from Beijing to Chongqing, more than 30 hours to bump ah. no way, go to to see his aging mother.
Chinese New Year, nothing special circumstances, must go home. home? vast majority of cases, the parents where it is, where is home. So, no matter the train, car or plane, people in Most elderly people are to visit the children. even if these children have, as my colleagues have more than 50 years old.
in the UK, the situation is quite different. to Holidays, the children do not go home to visit his parents, Instead, parents to their children at home holiday. loss of their people less, and if like us, cars on the clogged, I am afraid that after the old bones can not stand.
asked how Elizabeth has been 77 years old for Christmas. She said that on Christmas Day to to the little girl home, and boxing day (Christmas day) to go to another daughter home. the previous year
Tags:
the following passage, posted on a weekly newspaper. a very modest . As a professional relationship, or cause me concern. It should be said, still very intriguing.
in today's media, microblogging, represented an era of convergence, the reporter of the dissemination of scientific and medical knowledge become less and less interested. Health reports into the pursuit of dramatic conflict and scary news. old and new media shaping public health events regarded as dramatic events. For example, they reported that vaccination coverage of the scandal and the way the same way, the reports are formulaic point of view, sensational statement. most of the reports tend to create more terror than the fact that fear of public sentiment.
Tsinghua University, Professor Li Xiguang this passage is saying. because posted on the Other areas of the press is not much better. excessive pursuit of dramatic conflict and panic, what events are shaped into the dramatic events, has become a technique to emulate a lot of reporters.
everyone has such an experience . do not come up with something new, the news would not be called news. Some people complain that so many people engaged in professional labeling on
:
a classmate to write his story. should have passed the interview However, Leng Shimo before? Lai who? Let us look at.
the students name seedlings. the way to the interview, he was listening to a recording Yuan Tengfei. just to hear such a period. . In the time of visa application, the interviewer asked him admire most? he said it was Heinz Guderian, the 'Blitz' the father of Nazi Germany during World War II one of the three star, Hitler's hands a new member. finished, the interviewer suddenly told him, 'Actually, I was Jewish.' and he had no interview. committed a similar mistake.
English name when the interviewer asked him, he said: In order to avoid duplicate names, I made a word as the English name. I think something like Jack, Tom, and that name was too ordinary Ronbinson , so the public has. The results, he did not before. On the English level, on the other conditions, he is impeccable. he thought must be mistaken. did not think looked down, Robinson The future
Tags:
media reports, the what to do. Most students did not initiate the use of the network of this broad platform to express their views, to grasp their own voice.
Comments: the entertainment the first place, even for students is understandable. because of the way learning many ways, not necessarily through the Internet to complete. read get tired, online play is normal. As for the Internet before, do not necessarily want to know. randomness characteristic of many Internet users. The question of the right words can not be too absolute. to express their views on the ways and channels to more, not necessarily on the Internet. In a sense, I am opposed to everything the Internet, nothing is said on the Internet.
the survey in the Tsinghua University, National People's Congress, Beijing Normal University, Law University in Beijing and large 10 1500 questionnaires were distributed. The results show that more than Qicheng college students time spent online each day in 4 hours. over Jiucheng (94.5%) of students with computer access, 60.2% of the students used the mobile Internet. to the Internet as the main purpose of entertaining the highest proportion of university students, accounting for 28.1%, followed by study and chat with friends, the ratio was 26.2% and 22.1%, to get news, for online reading as the main Internet less than one purpose as the students.
Tags:
Beiqing Bao love reading the supplement version. every Saturday to spend time as a columnist is a look, subconscious may be Xiangzhan point writer of reiki. Hang Cheng yesterday read an essay, a little bit of Lenovo, recorded in the share with you.
I do not know, do not even know the authors. from the paper shows that from 1986 to 2009, Because I like and work reasons, this gentleman saw thousands of performances a drama in which hundreds of games. its by-products, the people out of a book is - very few people like him (her) so lucky to see so much drama. but I admire that he obtained from the show inspired one, and thus gave birth to new work. He was determined to the people, preserved This is a picture of a single program or ticket stub, and find other people hard to find a creative point. So I admire him. Although I have not read this book, it may not look at this book, but he and It is an example provided to me, always pay attention to all learning. as long as the idea is good, God is a treasure horse.
single small program, meaning and value is not small. he (she) saw the play too more than 100 books selected. Each scene is printed playbill and ticket stubs, records Zeyi main site, plus some time to introduce the background and performance background, can not help Comments or two to give a personal perspective play a rough coordinates.
This result shows that the cold quiet of the British station that the elderly do not take the holidays to see what their children are to sing opera as an interview, however, Shui Zhiguo?? 

To hand, do not ,,,,,,

 A friend told me that her contacts with her boyfriend for a year, only who held hands, kissed yet. I asked her the Year a few years now, and she told me in 2007. She was not a virgin, she had a boyfriend, But she is willing to pull for a year and a man's hand, do not rush to kiss. have a friend who wrote an article says that when a man crossing the street, in the party when the time will look at holding her Ghost hand, and told her not pull hand, is very important. I think of love in the process, many truly my heart every moment, is associated with the hand. and the love a man first hand, I have been low the shy head, tense fly from hand sweat, as if the formal declaration of the moment: relatively large step ahead of me, still remember the hand stretched back, palms up, suggesting that I quickly move to seize his hand. that feeling, deep gratification. the two hand in hand, walking in a street-lamp under . this little warmth, it seems farther and farther away from us. hand, this wonderful body language, so that women rapid heartbeat. I also like to eat with friends, my man hold me under the table hand, we do not even look at each other's eyes, the temperature can also feel his hands tightly with me. riding, he will empty out his left hand caught my left hand, driving when he will be stretched out his right hand holding my left hand. I like the big man hands, long fingers, thick palm, I feel his strength, peace of mind of the dock in his hands. Every winter, a man exclusive hand is my heater, no matter how cold, even 10 degrees below zero, I can assure him warm. man's temperature is always warm palm just right, you can only get used to his temperature, other men even if there the same temperature, you still used to that kind of easy, you can also feel it does not mean anything. We are with a man, not only by hand, we might as kissed a man so began a love affair, may have sex with a man, began to fall in love with him, are more likely to anything done, and they do not love him. I think many men, they might be willing to kiss a woman close to bed, like a couple in love, but their stingy in public, he gets her hand. We became accustomed to the complex emotional relationships, deep physical relationship, but we have overlooked the most simple hand relationship. Perhaps we are not ignored, we just do not want attention. I think the hand must be the most simple, the hardest physical relationship. men in bed, feeling buddy, infinite tenderness. When it was over, two people walking in the streets of shining, and he longed to walk the other side of the street, put out all the way and let people think you have nothing. men ah, you are so silly, do not you know. We can easily pull into the hands of any one person, it is difficult simply to have sex with any one. On the contrary, we can easily and any one person sex, we are very difficult to simply holding his hand and generous. I think of my contacts a man, he rarely took my hand, walking down the road I take the initiative to pull most of his hand. He is to love restrained not active, I have not told him how much I hope that he would take my hand, take the initiative to say I love you, take the initiative to say to me how much he needs me I value. Although I am very active girl, but I need a man initiative, give me the power of active love him.

Nam left for the

 He is a man, however, I was a selfish man, perhaps, in this world, still not our place for such people.
, However, a place which can accommodate the total of the two ordinary man.
--- of: Connan
the One Six Floating Life
husband is a pig, fat, less than a year of work twenty kilograms and turbid water are flesh. college severe deformation of the tall thin figure, a small pot came out.
forcing him to lose weight, he would not have always said a little fat men awesome. I said: operations such as Ruoliu Fufeng, nine curved body of a walk, Enchanting, Spring in your body as the kite can be placed tied rope. Now, a walking body quivering flesh, turning over every night for a bed to creak sound. you do not lose weight, big belly every day, some day you will Zhangde like a balloon, and then drift away. > I want to break up threatening him, and he ha ha hum while watching the football side, said: I eat slowly, and often did not finish my bowl, he has finished his rations. every time this time, he sat at the table, struck the side of stared at my job to eat, do not speak. which led me not eat, filled with guilt, had to set aside half of his meal, he says how do you eat fast side, finished and then stared at me, and had to be allocated to his half.
a weeks after the acceptance of results, I basically did not change, his long jin.
by the stimulation, I decided to eat two meals a day will only be allowed him, not his dinner were (he was in the company cafeteria to eat lunch), her husband see I hard a heart, do not see me sitting at the table next to eat. sitting in the living room broken gong with his singing voice desolately Can Can: stuck in the throat.
middle of the night woke up, her husband is not around, I heard a movement out of the living room and saw her husband squatted on the refrigerator, the refrigerator light snip snip to eating apples, one hand still holding tomatoes, are his favorite fruit less. see me out, he embarrassed smile, said: cook him a bowl, and watched him eat hungrily.
weight loss program had to be terminated, according to her husband as saying that he was still hungry and not development.
smooth and slick in the company her husband, who says that people see the words , hell that stuff. home to relax the whole person, blankly, into the sofa in a withered, dull eyes, wander off. I often associate the opportunity to pick bully him.
One day, he sitting on the sofa as usual, I took out a deck of cards, said: . is the person licensing, and then a large number of points than anyone else. Great, I can hit you face. each made two, this is mine. I'm back to the license, then hair, the flat spot. I said: br> interest in her husband up and asked: can play me like this. play later. I went to the cook. yawn, but I just dig he took Combs into his mouth, drowsiness totally disappeared suddenly.
play this game I never get tired of a hundred, no matter when and where, as long as her husband yawning, I took a side anything to his mouth.
husband complained that with me made him stupid. I smiled to ignore him, we tried the kind of magazine that exquisite life, talk about poetry, chat French New Wave film, unfortunately her husband co-operate, he would rather watch football. I tried several times the body is wrong, and down-hearted abandon.
would take advantage of buying discount supermarket, grab still elated, saying: , it can save the two five. always with bloodshot.
pick only the most popular movie action movie. the opera, the heroine in the stage mouth open br> Chaju the way, l do not smell her husband used to say how a man called r, then shook his socks that smell l, sparse muscle active, Douyi Dou, full of energy r (write only to find evil ~ ~ m )
righteously wrinkled his nose on the magazine, said: I'm popular!
between people once talked about fate, and I said: I was born in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning long, separated by thousands of miles. China has 1.3 billion people, and we even entered the same university, live in the same dormitory. do the math, the odds were prohibitively small, in case where a little mistake, I to miss you out. meet. or everything is just by chance.
husband pushing my head, laugh I love cranky. himself thought, and then do not care to say: He better than you. The feelings of that.
but also emotional, when her husband, and Halley's comet appeared about the probability.
the end of last semester freshman year, both with each other to attract the kind of feeling is unmistakable, but reserved forward, in fear of, not taken the step forward. occasional intersection of an eye, heart rough, his face but still nothing had happened.
winter break, he went home I stayed.
received several phone calls, voice is faint, two people holding the microphone in a daze, I do not know what to say, can not bear to put down.
winter over, I went to pick him up at midnight, no buses, no Pakistan, reluctant to take a taxi, then walk for two hours , nearly thirty miles to the train station.
saw him from the station came up to me, I suddenly felt very shy, smiled and did not speak. fear he saw his face flush, has been head twisted forty-five degrees, give him a back of the head.
husband also Samsam, and barely said a few words, stutter, speech lied. taxi back to school, in the dark, he suddenly held out his hand on my head ask a bit and whispered said: are worth.
I read a very complicated, romance reasoning, documentary fantasy, slash erotic, refuses. even the old twenties and thirties of last century social novel with relish can also be seen from the specifically to see garbage Gu, Qiong Yao is Jingxiebumin on.
I do not like, consider themselves very tolerant, but Qiong Yao's novels is not read, so her story is not too worldly, naive appalling. But There is a saying, or in my heart again, numb.
met until after my husband understand that there is indeed such a state of mind was smashed Qiong Yao wrote.
nothing more than be summed up in two words: Brief Encounter.
June , and her husband went to his hometown mm Tianshui to the identity of the students.
the train, then the city has a both familiar and strange intimacy. blue sky, land, people, buildings, seems to be contaminated with her husband atmosphere. because one person fell in love with a city.
heart, but also kind of sense of jealousy. our two-year-old met the day before is blank, he did not know this world there is a me.
he laughter, tears, success, failure, by others to witness, without my copy, so I am jealous.
If you could meet earlier that nice!
we talked about death.
Now days, young and strong, every jump, can not wait to experience new people and new things. death is still too distant.
occasionally think of the scene five years later, two white-haired old man mutual support each other, but also full of expectations. old cute, but can be a lovely elderly.
For me, the greatest threat of death or: die, such as lights out, asleep, I have not seen enough her husband does. I am not afraid, but I scared to death and then can not love him like this.
So I said to her husband: on clean clothes, lying in bed holding hands, I say go die l r, we die together. 【three】
1999, sitting on the train south, for the first time away from home and very excited. University in my heart is distant and mysterious, like a sanctuary.
a few days after admission free, use this time traveled to every corner of the school. only at noon and in the evening to stay in the hostel. At the time I closed and withdrawn from, do not know how to deal with strangers, he never Bengzhuo face.
vaguely heard her husband is a separate class, not interested to get to the bottom, until two weeks after that: the original he was second class, because the school's negligence placed in a dorm.
remember my husband first words are surface.
the third day after admission, the telecommunications company to send someone to install the phone, 201, and one hundred and sixty, twenty per share, happened to me not, my husband would be paid for me.
this thing, this sentence is in fact no meaning. If it were not together today, and her husband will never remember. but separated for so long look back, but added impressive.
her husband, said: I want to speak to a debt that is really real. mind other people's looks, met, and my heart have the impression about the next time I saw how people will find this is not the same, and they want to.
had complained to the students: and last not the same, the one magic spells. a little long, a lot of acne and pitted with holes, played like a shotgun. small eyes, while double-side single, the nose is not high not low, the mouth of the large jaws.
can only say ugly, my husband commented on their own.
day and night relative, is not tired of twenty-four hours together. are really only , eight hours sleep, and then subtracting a number of assorted real time relative to less than four hours, very short.
chatting, watching TV, shopping, and soon gone, mind or happiness have to do nothing. < br> television broadcast commercials, and I looked at her husband's face, side head, sighing, said: > My husband glared at me.
thousand hills I walk alone like no one both hands, her husband is a report to the school together with his brother's.
three-year-old, fat face, looks a bit between her husband's shadow. was not expected her husband would be her husband and took him as a brother, just like the students to dispose of the family, no collusion, distraught endless.
once was and her husband talk, her husband suddenly looked at me I asked laughing. He said: people are not, he is a person, naive, headstrong, childish, lawlessness, seven-year-old grow up. r extreme lack of her husband's artistic. English Hui fail, he said: , the fourth time I go into battle impersonation. wind is tight, was arrested a present. I care about is not an accomplice, her husband was probation, review, withdraw the application were written by my ghost.
relatively strict view of Changsha, We move on to Tianshui. He has a brother and sister did not know he had four, but the parents do not know.
on the train, I asked: I told mom you're working pressure, back a few days. you say this was a play the students. relationship is still secret, so is life and life split a pair of lovers, her husband live in their parents house, I live there, his brother.
send text messages to her husband, that I miss you. to hear his brother on the phone to her husband's brother in law: ; you come home tomorrow, not to mention four things. unfamiliar environment, without her husband's night, very tough. half past ten to fall asleep, suddenly woke up one o'clock, and then eyes open until dawn.
finished four out of the old saw just chatted with a man to kill me first back.
there was heard from her husband's brother, and her husband are high school classmates say. The best laugh is that two people are claiming that they have passed each other four, this accident met in the examination room, the situation of embarrassment can imagine.
true more dramatic than fiction.
a little better, but her husband can be said that I test, accompany him.
but I did not think that, in addition to her husband's brother and sister, he others claimed that they had had four.
think also forget, decided not to expose, let him keep it a little vanity.
Fu Sheng Liu Ji 【】
yesterday her husband have four dinner, I waited for him while watching TV, and some difficulties to the couch with eyes closed to rest. heard someone open the door, sat down beside her husband gently asked me to come.
I purposely do not agree, her husband whispered to say: : br> But the favorite was his frustration with a little blame to me and say it is always a little nasal, self-assured.
went to Tianshui was discovered that people there are saying, be regarded as local features. did not come early heart glad, or like the people on the water throughout the day how to do?
I like to see , went to buy a home with the old antique shops, very old carved wooden doors, which a lot of old things arranged one by one, with traces of the years.
corner of a chair, can not tell what's, dark red, very simple. husband enjoy bend, suddenly shouted whispered me know. I do not understand why her husband was still indicative, only to find even hold his pants up.
people in their twenties, and also regardless of time to this nature, regardless of where BQ, really beast!
I'm the chair and his pants glances back and forth between a sweeping, fun, said: the chair. people feel a bit unreal. more like writing than from realistic.
I said: said: months. the streets everywhere, a group of three to five people, there are many couples, fingers or arms around the waist handshake and whispered laughing. only I was lonely.
consciously boring, then go home. readily in paper wrote: When sitting in the window, you should knock on the door rang, opened it, turned out to be her husband back with me from the festival field.
Unfortunately this is reality, not only did not knock on the door sounded, her husband even the phone did not make a come back.
an idiot!
have a very able to talk to college students, a total appreciation of queer, questions, phase analysis, was cited as his first friend I have. There's a read Murakami novel . I am glad after hearing, to be praised like proud.
knew he was the only person between me and my husband. very grateful to him, as telling him, although he could not understand, but still show tolerance and support of the vast.
After graduation he went to Shenyang, Chinese Academy of Sciences of the graduate school of metal, sometimes in online chat, he will ask, concerns.
In school, relatively simple, two people close to these, people just think we are good friends. out of the society, people complex, to be always taken into account. public place can not close a move, never go to work each other place to meet colleagues in the street, said that university students, carefully avoiding the secular vision.
wrote a very traditional, well-being of the children as a lifelong career.
been afraid of them that because her husband's father, my mother has high blood pressure, can not be angry, not anxious.
drives girlfriend was at home , looking for every possible excuse to shirk.
future, what will happen? No one knows. but because this person around, so have the courage to continue, uneasy with, happy with.
Fu Sheng Liu Ji 【V】
for the first time My husband is in close contact with the spring of the millennium.
large about half of the semester, it was birthday. eight, moving the two cases of beer. turn off the lights, lit candles, drink and chat. three in the morning, everyone drunk , and each went to bed.
relied tipsy feeling, climbing into her husband's bed nets, hand gently on his shoulder, feeling of comfort came from the men's skin.
slept soundly that night.
Since then, her husband started avoiding me.
fooling around on weekdays, cuddly, he can use the name of the students. If that further forward, but who did not dare. understand Cross out this step if we're not used to the us, no return.
relationship between the two men while parked in an awkward state of stalemate. But that kind of a strange feeling came raging fiercely, almost impossible to resist. hearts worth of longing desperately to refuse, I try to stay away from him. early out of a nap in the classroom, only ten minutes before lights out into the dorm, make new friends, laugh and shout, had intended to rent out their lives , but also because of the strike rules of the school had to do.
a few months, all weary mind.
was at that time, I know first girlfriend.
her fellow different classes and I have Many classes are combined in the class, the opportunity to meet many. very beautiful, tall, big eyes, slightly dark.
deliberately with the students bet I can ask her.
so in a physics class, to her transfer a note. casual working is: Are you willing to go to the movies tonight.
gave her four options: A, very willing. B, can be. C, nothing to do anyway. D, do not want to go. She chose A.

at six and a half, a small soccer field next to catch the seven o'clock movie.
very contradictory feelings, both about the girls want to make her husband jealous of the move, and hope his attention to this transfer, return to normal life.
forget, forget everything.
forget how the mood that day, forget what color she was wearing the clothes, but also forgot film plot.
just remember sitting in the dark, minute by minute have become exceptionally tough, the urge to escape the sake of restraint, the separation of mind and talk to her.
back to the dormitory, her husband was sweeping the floor, to see me in , asked me: Two people went to the main campus and other school buildings destroyed in an instant million lights together. will be the next self-study, the pool of stealing two pieces to the half lotus, his head upside down.
sit together in class, I Liaoning physical books into Mandarin, so she read out in Cantonese. classmate, said: There are half a month, close to the end of first year university.
turn off the lights, give her a call, as usual meaningless chatter.
said was
silent dorm, approaching one o'clock, the husband suddenly got up, lit a cigarette sitting below.
looked at him through the back of mosquito nets and a clear one off the cigarette, then the silent tears interest-free to flow out, not burst, just a choke a choke, both aggrieved and sad.
next day, and she parted.
sophomore, no longer with the school, see greatly reduces the chances, and occasionally meet in the cafeteria, talk a few words, my heart the phrase Is this true, and can not help but laugh at myself foolishly sentimental.
Shiyou soon to see her graduate, has a job in Guangdong, helped her set up a stall selling old things, packing shipping, as if to make up for like.
My husband said that we still hung over, I glanced at him, thinking is not all because of you.
and, three years after the start jealous, time dragged on too long, I've been too do not want to wait.
Floating Life Six Six】 【
suddenly recalled yesterday, , as if unlimited stories inside.
it I'm just not dead!
admitted to second year, rookie turned into fields and then, for the school, as the rules can be more or less nothing. himself on the outside rented a small room, a bed, a desk, a computer, up to three months had no dormitory and did not want to see him.
day and night is the time to develop the habit reversal, and the hearts of sorrow thoughts no place to vent, often bare until dawn, listening to the rain dripping outside the house to play in the eaves, thinking about their own situation how could such a falling today.
more, far more to see. more want to see , the more afraid.
Changsha, winter is the wet and cold, not rain clouds in the sky is.
skipping, like A guilty sneak dormitory as a person sitting in the empty dorm daze I do not know what to do.
someone knocked on the door, turned out to be him, because this unexpected encounter, the two are Yizheng.
venture to come behind him, living his ring back, his face buried on his back, said: br> after six months, a variety of disease after another, insomnia, cold, allergies, stomach pains, refused to go to the hospital.
the number of starts to miss him less, most of the time is lingering with a variety of disease his sick bed, groggy. a cold month, did not improve, just a little, they began to allergies, joint and several stomach, and the pain can not sleep at night sitting up and silly, a lot a lot Chiqu pain tablets, a hypnotic effect.
weight plummeted, one people to dissolve the height, less than sixty kilograms.
nearly self-abusive behavior abandon myself terrified students, seven turns care, look at me to take medicine, I went to the hospital hostage.
I无可无不可.
once woke up, her husband sitting on the bed, his face clouds, the two relatively silent.
he asked: no one knows the house. metamorphosis. my body tingling, cold hands and feet, I abnormal? my metamorphosis is your strokes. pick up the bed, throw things, not say, this man is his love, and with no particular person, even if the point was referred to today is that on your own, and can blame?
later her husband said, that one day I can face the four words to describe: despair.
hear the door slamming open the door, I did not open my eyes. just think, if you can, I do not want to like you. to find a girl, walking hand in hand openly in front of others. But No one gave me the opportunity, for the first time like a person to like you.
If I had known, I would not come to Changsha, you will not let myself meet.
If, eleven million If.
moved back to the dormitory, seriously my college life, the husband began to learn as the students do not know the students mm, do not speak, but not him. do not want a Xinxuan in the air, force yourself to pull off .
lying about after the main lights will be entertainment, side, and the students said, and he is thinking that he is doing. sometimes get up to the water room, through her husband's quarters, will support ears, and occasionally her husband's voice from inside, not hear say his heart is happy.
will also talk with the students pretending to casually mention her husband, heard his name from someone else's lips, there is a hidden happiness.
even a few days ago to ask her husband why do want to open, and willing to be with me.
he only said: blink. . > My husband walked behind me, hand on my shoulder hh
so many accidents have a new start.
was almost desperate grasp every moment with him, since he still has to memories can be worthy of the capital. was not Shexiang through life, fight the Cold War, warm, caring, no matter what happens, as long as two people have the determination to work together, to dare to go.
often think of Eileen Chang's words, with very appropriate to us.
He is a man, however, I was a selfish man, perhaps, in this world, still not our place for such people.
, however, a place which can accommodate the total of the two ordinary man.
- END -

Hunan in January the first break of billions of tax revenue record

 BEIJING, Feb. 15, Changsha Xinhua (Liu both Million is still true) 15, the IRS said in Hunan Province, in January completed the province's tax revenues 13.366 billion yuan sector organizations, an increase 3.597 billion yuan, an increase of 36.82%. The scale of the first month of the monthly record high, breaking the billion mark for the first time in history, 2010 years for the degree of income scale the average income of 1.72 times the tax revenue for the whole year laid a solid foundation across hundreds of billions.

According to statistics, in January 2011 the total tax revenue of Hunan Province, 13.837 billion yuan, an increase 3.727 billion yuan, an increase of 36.87%, which completed 472 million yuan collected by customs, an increase 130 million yuan, an increase of 38.04%; tax revenue sector organizations completed 13.366 billion yuan, 3.597 billion yuan year on year increase, an increase of 36.82%. Tax revenue to achieve a good start.

In the past, 5 years, Hunan tax department take the lead in building and deepening the tax analysis, tax assessment, monitoring sources of tax revenue, tax inspection, investigation into the revenue of 14 billion yuan compensation; the first to promote the use of automated teller machines in the country, build invoices Fiscal management; the first bank in the country to promote networking of library tax system, more than 90% of the province's tax system through the real-time state treasury, which greatly facilitates the taxpayers to pay tax. END