Preparing for the national election in Malaysia's largest Chinese political party is facing life and death battle

 Chua (left 5) and deputy president Liow (left 4) and MCA MCA central leaders presided over the party to celebrate the 62nd anniversary of the Balloon ceremony. From the left MCA Central Committee He Qiwen, deputy organizing secretary Wang Sai Chi, vice president Ng Yen Yen, and the Organizing Secretary General Secretary Jiang Zuohan Zhengxiu Jiang et al. (Malaysia,


on February 27, 1949 founding of the MCA, the party Sunday to celebrate the 62nd anniversary celebration, the National Council of 191, the District mission and the women's group representatives gathered in three spring hall, and all erected to meet the flag admission. (Malaysia, BEIJING, Feb. 28

power integrated media reports, when to hold national elections in Malaysia has recently become focus of media attention, the Prime Minister Najib Razak said recently, national elections can be held at any time. As Malaysia's largest Chinese political party, general chairman of MCA and MCA MCA in 27 of 62 founding anniversary celebration party, said the coming general election battle will be the fate of MCA, the MCA must be election.

27, some 1,500 party members gathered in the hall three spring MCA headquarters to celebrate the 62 anniversary of the founding MCA. Chua said MCA to defend in the coming general election in the existing parliamentary seats and 15 seats in 31 states, and win back the lost seats. has become more united, Chinese voters for support for the MCA has returned.

Chua: MCA will be lost if the separatist Chinese community support

MCA President Dr Chua said 328 Chinese re-election after the by-election votes back, that once separatist MCA, would not expect the support of the Chinese community. Malaysia's Kwong Wah Daily News, Chua said MCA re-election last year before the 328, the country held a total of 9 field-election, BN won only one of the two games, while the MCA into a infighting in the dispute during this period, ethnic Chinese voters MCA support rate fall.

cases, we are pleased that the Chinese vote has been returned, although not very high rate of return of the Ba Xian, but this is a significant breakthrough.

He added: However, MCA must work harder to meet the challenges of the coming general election. 

Sexy little stars falling into the house of the interpretation of EROS

 Vanilla JJ has sent a follow on how to find the EROS EROS paste into the constellation of the strong, and I'll make up some of the interpretation of EROS into house.
Translation: vanilla coffee
Ai Luosi sign represent? < br> asteroid impact does not mean weak.
- Demetra George & Douglas Bloch
planets in the chart represents a map of their location. is their equipment, props, a way to express way; need combinations.
example, Ai Luosi said the fire sign, it's friends are Leo Jupiter, Mercury and Cancer, it is sometimes uncomfortable. in the earth like the love of carrots Sri Lanka like the Taurus moon, sun and some cold water bottles out of tune.
Sometimes, the planets are born with the intimacy of the planet will feel alienated, for example, encountered Ailuo Si Sagittarius Venus in Pisces, and Virgo the moon. This makes us feel very strange, unstable, like in our desire for some time, always have to give up.
learning Ailuo Si constellation will enable us to better integrate their needs and inconsistent power. The constellation itself has a contact inside and outside the body the way, also know that identity differences is the only way to become more complete.
Ailuo Si in Aries:
Ailuo Si in the form of many species, sometimes even horrible, it is full of strength to walk in front of us, just as athletes in general, ready to go, sometimes even before the storm, as, with anger and desire to overcome the self.
Aries Ailuo Si said, at this moment, to play with me! next. The more the relationship can not be, the more they blood boil.
ecliptic as the first fire sign, he would put a lot of energy hunting patrol. fire sign Aries Ailuo Si Zhi heat to very active is always a busy Valentine. Whether male or female in Ailuo Si chart map, will show similar to the traditional romantic knight moves. He was energetic, brave, like the cosine of an arrow, Long service dragon, hero to save the United States, or to help the helpless men, or those in trouble.
Taurus Ailuo Si
here, my dear, come here, hurry let us all night oh. I adore your cute hair; my unquenchable enthusiasm. Oh, Ailuo Si, kindly sent him to my bed.
mmAristophanes
Taurus Ailuo Si said, hold me, touch me, kiss me, take me. Ailuo Si in this position warm for lack of interest in Aries. Taurus does not like it at 6 o'clock in the morning, the pool for 50 push-ups, he would rather Debu to their want, do not want to compete. Ailuo Si position in the constellation of different, it is the pursuit of happiness. This means that a simple, natural, no personal thoughts and feelings meet.
The Bulls only pursue happiness, whether in restaurants, massage table, or the huge bed, his eyes are always staring at the beautiful things give sense. His pleasure comes from the pursuit of physical objects is simply around to make his the body feels good, but can be fun. Taurus also extremely stubborn way through a tightly grasp the fun of their own.
Ailuo Si
h in Gemini can tell the most beautiful words, I also did not say to you.
mmNazim Hikmet
Gemini Ailuo Si, if you need me, tell me! Ailuo Si at this location to exchange ideas, share insight into the heart of Germany through the data, obscure things, to find mental stimulation. He likes his own ability to understand and well known to impart skills. Gemini Ailuo Si want to hear words, or accept a small card full of love, not received a box of chocolates or a massage.
Gemini in charge of mental areas, the known universe, the truth and interesting things. When Ai Luosi put on the cloak of Gemini, it seeks to close the interaction from the mind, mainly refers to conversation began. as long as the other party is willing to listen, you can make a simple communication closer to each other, generating Ailuo Si distance, and the other the desire to come together. If the loved one attention to detail, or do not care about the theme, then Ai Luosi lost interest in this location than the other constellations rapid pace.
Gemini Ailuo Si because of the curiosity of how things work, and the behavior of others the reason, customs sources such as mental stimulation, while love life. he cherished the knowledge that his mental development is induced ear, the accumulation of wisdom is the harvest. He also through intellectual tools to protect themselves from the emotional pain and suffering.
wind direction as the first constellation, Gemini Ailuo Si with an objective mind, a great need for space. Although Ai Luosi make him interested in deepening intimacy, in Gemini, he also from time to time to talk or read the way to narrow the emotional distance, but not to the outside to experience the world.
Ailuo Si in Cancer
a thin young man met a witch, shaman told him that if he is willing to offer the mother's heart, she will become his eternal lover. He ran home, killed her mother, her heart out.
when he ran through the forest to look for a witch, accidentally fell down, the heart can fall to the ground, only to hear the tone of the heart with concern that children, not hurt, right? intimate and relaxed way. Here, the border will be reduced with the disappearance of a close distance, the two people's feelings, emotions, fear, pain and pessimism can be combined. in Cancer, Ai Luosi on line will not close hold any hesitation. Once inside the intimate world, he would never want to leave.
Cancer Ailuo Si desire to be needed, he was eagerly looking forward to other people's attention, deeply want to rely on. care, supply, maternal love springs from the juvenile type, It can provide strong support to improve their lives, you can kill it. It's Peugeot was the umbilical cord, to sustain life, may also be because when there is no need to be supplied and become a poison.
Ailuo Si in Leo
If you like rock Scylla, TUSCAN cliff resident people, please come to my head your soul.
mmEuripides
Leo Ailuo Si said, and its fire as the same desire in action Aries have similarities, but Leo is on the attention and favor hungry. If Aries favorite playmates and needs of children, Leo is the need to touch the man his life wholeheartedly attention, and never-ending love. Unfortunately, this often made him feel very lost.
Ailuo Si in this position have a strong desire to want to feel different, unique, unique. as a second a fire sign, Leo Ailuo Si requires energy, and will be reported to the variety of pleasures. Worship eyes made him feel dizzy. He attached importance to the creation of life, artistic level.
Ailuo Si in the Virgo
I devoutly hope to enjoy a perfect life, but when I hit the rocks, how to find the soul of the nature of the road leading to it? Virgo Ailuo Si said, Shopping for me, explain to me why you do this. the characteristics of Virgo Ailuo Si makes possible the way of love to take a list of ways. Virgo has a strong perfectionist spirit, love, and who will not hesitate to cast this spirit. Sometimes, the pursuit of Perfect equivalent to picky, like criticism, so that a better relationship becomes disappointing. This perfectionism may influence inward, become critical of themselves, are also detrimental to the character. For the tendency to give lessons bored, and unable to size up the situation, will the passion of love is like water, like oil, can not be integrated. Ailuo Si no lack of enjoyment in the Virgo hot but a strong desire to close. material elements of life in the heart of Virgo occupies a significant amount, which means they need real contact, physical aspects of care and have fun. They can also tolerate close contact, taste and feel. If the other side are good enough, Virgo Ai Luosi not afraid to go again recently, by the re-closer.
Ai Luosi
Ailuo Si mm in Libra love of God, so that bit by bit to the wishes of one o'clock in the eyes, the face of battle, you do not show injury, but also try to maintain harmony, bringing sweet pleasure for the soul. Libra Ailuo Si said, This position shows a typical, good and fine scales of desire. This position needs filled with joy, you need to love the company. as the second Libra, Libra Ailuo Si face life objectively, like the exchange of views. conversation, interpretation, advice, giving and receiving feedback are Libra can not lack of a better life. This position enabled Ai Luosi more elegant, advocating the good things that exist in society, like the elegant manners and pleasant interaction. of course, unless they went opposite. that they will argue the outbreak, and even the devil will be issued unusually declaration.
Ailuo Si in Scorpio
to me, I will like the sun's orbit as you turn around, and I even the light projected onto the dark side of you. I have the magical charm and power to make you unable to struggle, I will control you, hold you, or even destroy you! Scorpio Ailuo Si said, fierce furnace integration with my soul, let us work together rebirth. . Ailuo Si like in this location is very personalized, with a lust relationship between taste, appearance is by no means they want, but to uncover the veil will hide the truth behind the soul unreservedly exposed. they usually will not be withheld. Scorpio Ailuo Si is usually sought by a warm, traditional sexual experience may be, to body and soul one, rise from the ashes. This is a breakthrough for the other. He invites you to cross the border Once entered, it will be beyond redemption. you will be reborn or destroyed, or both. Ailuo Si Scorpio can be labeled close off the crown. as the second water signs, Scorpio well with Ailuo Si Chaser features a powerful combination of almost no need to adjust or suppressed. Scorpio is not afraid of drawing close. they can not escape or other aspects of physical intimacy. he will not lose their freedom, physical activities, sharing inner feelings, or the offer was genuine fear. In addition to loss of control outside, he is nothing to worry and fear.
Ailuo Si
in Sagittarius if you can, try to imagine a repeat over the full burst of silver spray along On Golden Pond fish singing. twins moon in the distant sky. if you like, I can show them in front of you, I promise, this will be the highlights of the trip. with me, I will show you never dreamed of showing the landscape. or stand behind, until the death of a genius to know that remorse. Sagittarians Ailuo Si said, Luo Si requires ambition and space, energy, and passion to achieve them. vivid, lively, adventurous, like the vagaries of Sagittarius Ailuo Si and love to experience the challenges and Live Flesh, love that can bring him endless corners of the universe that person. If someone wants to, and Sagittarius Ailuo Si together, they must be ready to fly. as a fire like the third constellation Sagittarius has a strong sexual energy, and if a relationship can not broaden his horizons, not rich, no new state, he will feel dull. travel is his favorite, it does not necessarily mean that really fly and went to distant lands. shooters love to travel from deep down like to explore the unknown. This includes travel to the symbolic, that the concept of mind, philosophy, spiritual beliefs, and artistic creation.
Ailuo Si in Capricorn
you can see it from the heart love how gentle smile and face? He did not torch, nor can fire the bow and arrow. However, in one of his hands holding flowers in one hand is a fish. He established the rules of land and sea . Capricorn Ailuo Si said, They need competition, need to work with the earth sign of Taurus has never been considered important skills. Capricorns Ai Luosi want someone else to find the perfect tangible, if not, at least you can have complete proof. Capricorn can make the soil as characteristics to be sublimated, to get through the unique sensory contact and look forward to a close. efficiency, achievement, self-satisfaction is very important to the Capricorn, who like themselves and the other half of the body to see these qualities. as the soil as the third constellation, Capricorn Ai Luosi strong need physical interaction but also may carry the same strong conservative, fear and resistance on the close. caution is synonymous with Capricorn. The sign is considered to be the most difficult to understand. They do not easily open your heart, even to open their minds, I am afraid it will not last long. Capricorn The paradox is that their senses and sexual expression is through the soil like, strong, well-organized way. After all, it's symbol is the goat half-length, hidden his mouth, the absorption of reproductive and sexual image. They have the desire to face the same demand Taurus, but their heart is filled with a deep sense of fear.
Ailuo Si in Aquarius
Every time I see or hear I have your name mixed h Aquarius Ailuo Si said, magnetic magic number of air conduction. Aquarius Ailuo Si desire weird, interesting and unusual. It accidents and addiction, but the situation in order to create well-known masters, enough to make the other constellations Iranian society. Ailuo Si falls on the holding Walk in the constellation Aquarius has the characteristics of weird edge. They cross the border, such as unhindered, go beyond the boundaries of sex and rules the same as children playing hopscotch. If it is different, can be lifted is, he may also be interested. as the third wind signs, Aquarius Ailuo Si conventional boring, like the fans the same conversation, the subject of unusual interest in his best lift. In addition, he also takes a lot of Free.
Ailuo Si in Pisces
Although the sea can change in an instant glory; now with a hint of the glorious waves quietly rolling on the shore; until the day of love to change; always inclusive of all the port. pisces Ailuo Si said, combined with the Divine. He wishes to give up their identity, allowing it to melt, combined with love, until they are no longer unique, but a great part of the whole. This is the legendary status of the quantum physical universe described by Neo . This is a Pisces is always the expectation, but it is so deeply disturbed all the other constellations. Ailuo Si be promoted in Pisces, intimate feeling is very strong. as a third water sign, Pisces will be self-released to others there, In this process, may be subject to all the trauma, desire, suffering and obsession. It also contains untold mystery, in all kinds of long-term relationships are difficult to glimpse. It represents the soul only by touching the lives of loved to see the beauty and creativity. It is indeed often the relationship is difficult.
Zet software displays the EROS: 1. tables ----- catalog of asteroids ---- 433 (tick); 2. Double-click the chart ---- chart setting ---- planets ----- eros (|)
Online Find Eros Ai Luosi EROS

open the address above: see the following of these two East East:
first namelast name casually Tian Tian. Do not write ah, be sure to write ah.
gender sex female female. male male.
birthday Birthday: order: day, month, year. behind you can choose whether to display the map. choose yourself, it maps very good to see that
hour time: order: hour, minute
country country: CHINA.
birth town City: Pinyin can fill in the ah. For example Born in Shanghai to write shanghai.
point: Continue to
out if the word red is that you Motian right. If there is please, click The following points.
out pages, there will be maps, latitude and longitude for your choice. selected to continue Continue
come out of the pages is the information you had. casual look good. would like to continue to see your own The Eros is?
to find the following in the penultimate column Horoscope Chart Drawings inside
have the following options Extended Chart Selection
point to open a new page that choice. pages have a bottom box after box the following English: additional asteroids or 433.OK! ignore all other direct point of the upper right corner of the button: click here to show the chart
then came out of your chart, and look for where the good EROS. a closer look, the word than the other small planet. EROS figures below, it is the degree of its location.
phase followed by EROS
When a person crazy in love, which reflects the soul of the operation of many of the features: often do daydreaming, fantasy, perfect world, confusion in the personal ideals and values, will, awakening .... all of which reveal the soul's awakening.
---- Thomas Moore
If the EROS and phase produced by the sun, then the nature of passion and instinct of self will be the wake-up
love with the moon, it indicates its soothing and nurturing roles
and Mercury, you may prefer to exchange conversation through writing or to express Passion (Personal speculation erotic fiction writers may have EROS and Mercury phase)
and Venus, then the EROS process is very great beauty, very enjoyable (You can continue to think of a profession ...)< br > and Mars, may use SEX as a weapon and means of defense. (Anti-Japanese War into enemy within us the spirit of the PLA and noble women spies.)
and Jupiter, might be addicted to and close relationship, difficult to extricate themselves, color color.
and Saturn, is difficult to remove the psychological barriers (which may hurt or is extremely conservative)
and Chiron, let us love by sexy and profound insight into human nature. < br> and the King, it means a sudden or unexpected changes in the experience.
and Neptune, you may prefer to look sexy love the combination of body and soul, the sacred spirit of integration.
and Pluto, SEX on may make your heart is torn again and again to be destroyed, or destroy other people's hearts, and then reborn again, and destroyed, and students, and then destroyed, and regeneration of extreme points ....< br .... > EROS house
fall into any house or sign, are harbingers of the planet, and you represent in this house lives the most natural way the activities
----- Howard Sasportas
EROS into the house, precise description of the inside or outside in a certain level, how sexy is the awakening of love. It also pointed out the close relationship is how to achieve and how it is created in secret us, challenge us and change us.
EROS in a house, then for the love sexy view is that the public can be generally accepted.
EROS in the Second Temple, will join as a sort of intimate relationship sustenance and comfort, like a protective layer as
EROS in three palaces, through the exchange and the same environmental background to creative expression of the experience the passion of love in the fourth house
EROS, love and experience will be more family, housing link. EROS in this location is the root of living human beings.
EROS in the fifth house, to be embodied by the self-expression, such as children, future generations of art and works, performances and fiction. like the pursuit of different < br> EROS in the sixth house, the sexy sense of love or art is fine, very tricky, and even everyday life can be reflected
EROS in the seventh house, may be important social relations into a passion love the joint. This commitment will be full of confusion and even contradictions between changes.
EROS in the eighth house, usually you are very eager to make the experience very adventurous, usually forbidden intimacy. cast out all the rules, and to explore it's deep it!
EROS in the Nine-palace, through a number of new or previously did not understand the concept, people, or review, our passion and a curiosity was ignited. could involve Some foreign affairs
EROS Palace in October, want the whole world know that you are passionate, sexy, capable and very attractive. you may be your career EROS part of
EROS in eleventh house, your friendship, and their respective groups or target is creative and with sexual overtones.
EROS in the zodiac, your instinct may be through the love of the injury, pain, or detention awakening, may be a doctor brother of the patient or who lost their Guasao. their creative expression from a common heart.
Conclusion:

that the most beautiful sea had not yet been through the sea
That is not the best child
children grow up the most beautiful day of our

days we have not yet experienced
and I want to tell you the words of the most touching I
not to say the words ...
--- Nazim Hikmet 1945
EROS in the near-miraculous encounter and forced intimacy passion to play the biggest role. These experiences open the way to our passion , door to the world of desire. It brought us the feeling of life is unmatched by other events.
Suddenly, things become more meaningful, color rolling flow, the anima of the prototype (see Jung's psychology book) surface water, that dream has become clear embodiment of reality. because people want to live a carefree, free and easy life, so man and God, and is a fanatical desire to be linked , some extreme cases, be accompanied by new and even death. and this is the love of EROS.
We hope to EROS, to learn more about the inner self sexy love nature. ignore this nature, regardless of intentionally or unintentionally, is to ignore our own hearts.
EROS Palace
in fact often demonstrated to us and we perceive different.
- Aristotle
EROS in a house especially when it is less than ten degrees in the up side, the will become a very important, EROS will sign a palace or the features it off planets.
in this position, EROS influence people to treat specific ways of life. If the specified program, or the dilemma of implementation of actions between the choices. It is not mean that we will use way to plan sex, but we want to present themselves through these actions and to encounter intimacy. < br> EROS in the Second Temple
What is your most property is inherited or acquired it themselves?
- Plato
EROS
in the fourth house after a long day in the tired, the charm of family life for me to eliminate fatigue.
--- Cicero
fourth house symbolizes family, family emotional inheritance, family matters, family and country.
as EROS is located in the fourth house, the EROS will experience or feelings of home and family is more closely linked up. Venus like
hiding in the fourth house, you may love the sexy way is very secretive.
EROS usually in the seventh house like the sexy love into intimate partner relationships. Although the nature of the love of Eros
is the same commitment and never go hand in hand (divorce involving children is to maintain life-long),
but with the EROS and adventurous, mercurial nature of a contradiction. to enter into the triangular relationship among those.
EROS in the eighth house
How can a person who described to him the hell out of the line it ?
- Homer
close relationship even though we promised, or oath of allegiance to certain beliefs or political party, is unlikely to have absolute trust
followed.
EROS in the eighth Palace of the intimate relationship is with the house color: adventure, precious offerings, feel the depths of the soul
, and the desire for change. Eight Palace EROS people deep in their self-existence, there is a growing times
increasing desire to experience the passion of love. They may also fear more and more passionate love.
both cases there may also exist in the. (Ascension .... pathetic .. ..)
EROS in the twelfth house
This is a sacred secret, which you are enveloped with the fans will.
- Aeschylus
Zodiac is a secret of that, Isabel Hickey call it the dark shadow, one that we have to pay out or suffer
areas. classical astrology, it is a symbol of secret enemies, prisons, hospitals, shelters with
pain and suffering and other general contact with the agencies, covert operations, deportation, and retired.
EROS here sometimes through injury, suffered pain or imprisonment awakening ...... even
energy is between the offender with the emotion of the judges love. Just as the famous detective Sherlock Holmes and his equally talented
rival, Professor Moriarty.
these relationships does not seem so special, some general, but there may be constructed with anguish and hard < br> worthy. but their self-potential changes are infinite. It is this mean and suffering with the taboo nature of
, so powerful that they become more powerful.

Ying-Ying Wu magical beauty first interview! (Photos)

 School of Management organized a special for her exchange. Many of her students to express worship, learning to ask her, but also several students stand up and question its achievements, Ying-Ying Wu made a part of the response to the question, saying, to make it past exchange in the second floor of a classroom to teach Beijing Normal University held the evening 8:30, the exchange will start on time, no room to accommodate hundreds of people a few vacancies left, and then there are many students arrived one after another, can only squeeze in the door Zhanzhao Ting. Many students simply sat in the back stood up eagerly waiting to see Ying-Ying Wu, a dozen students even moved to stools to sit down in front of the aisle, , Ying-Ying Wu dressed relatively inconspicuous. she says she recently busy early morning before the day returned to Beijing from the field. One School of Beijing Normal University students host to Ying-Ying Wu's inventions, patents, computer programming, dance, English and other aspects of the Ying-Ying Wu Q & A AC, Ying-Ying Wu to answer publicly about the content and basically the same as before, the reporter noted that she referred to the Bureau of their identity in the ACM, still says he is Many students arrived at the scene said the worship of Ying-Ying Wu, a boy from Sichuan in the seats at least more than 10 minutes, he said, years ago, Ying-Ying Wu in Chengdu, the news of winning a great encouragement to his invention interests, including their innovative thinking, then, Ying-Ying Wu for his huge impact growth. He wanted to exchange more than the invention experience Ying-Ying Wu, the plan was dropped because time is too short.
The student then presented flowers to Ying-Ying Wu , the embrace of flowers, Ying-Ying Wu, and three students in this field the students bowed.
Ying-Ying Wu many students interested in programming and creative ability, Ying-Ying Wu talk about their experiences. She said he had spent 24 hours almost do not exist to address the subject of an algorithm. So he has little time to rest, once competition was held in his hometown of Chengdu, but they still there, However, her remarks caused some students to boos.
more than half the students speak for the challenge
last night, talking about the Ying-Ying Wu in the field, the student audience heard whispers from time to time, Really? how and not the same as the Internet. students with a half-hour free Q & A session, students asked the question is still the most publicity after a number of Ying-Ying Wu doubt, and her attitude.
Ying-Ying Wu, a girl, please list your invention is what 100, Ying-Ying Wu only replied saying: and access to patent 1 to 4 years between the time the time difference.
many problems, she did not respond positively. If a student asked for a week to be something between you from God, and fell altar, how you think? Who should be responsible for this farce?
Ying-Ying Wu, said she felt more important is their current attitude, the truth of her experience is not the problem. She said she had a clear understanding of their own The key is that it rendered correctly, for the rumors, she will face the correct posture. As for the media speculation of irregularities, the fact that she would come out right.
Ying-Ying Wu said the development of the situation that she did not expected, the first (negative) reports came out, he and said, now to the climax stage, and many teachers encouraged her students must be strong. She is now a need to clarify some facts of the time. However, she also declared on many occasions, and now the key is to have the peace of mind to do themselves, thing of the past is over.
groupies full track
students live on yesterday's talks, there was a male student wearing glasses looked exceptionally active, he crouched holding a slim digital camera under the podium Ying-Ying Wu, from time to time Kacha Kacha pressing the shutter, the Ying-Ying Wu movements, smiles, all shot down. reporter asked the boys are not students, and his mysterious smile, lens at the Ying-Ying Wu.
around half past nine, the host announced the end of the lecture, but many students do not leave, but well up to the Ying-Ying Wu surrounded with flowers, there to leave contact information, there posed for pictures, and less than a minute, Ying-Ying Wu finished with a business card to send. wearing glasses is closely followed by Ying-Ying Wu male students took a non-stop.
few minutes later, there are some students around the fuss Ying-Ying Wu, Ying-Ying Wu Wear on a black coat, quickly squeezed out from the door, the reporter is busy with her down the stairs, but ran out of the corridor has been an instant Ying-Ying Wu, disappeared in the night.
reporters are confused, only to hear the sound around a boy shouted, turned out to be students take significant steps to recover the glasses out, while pressing the shutter frequently run not forgotten. Reporter busy chasing after him Ying-Ying Wu, Ying-Ying Wu saw more run more fast, quickly rushed out of the south gate of Beijing Normal University, across the street, stopped a taxi ride away.
students with a sigh Unfortunately glasses, but also aimed at speeding away in a taxi carrying Ying-Ying Wu took a good few like. reporter was very surprised and asked why the student has been tracked with the film Ying-Ying Wu, the student said, he is a senior at Beijing Normal University, School of Management, with the feeling of this film is fun Ying-Ying Wu, spirit, to be a continuous follow-up reports decided to give her the follow-up reports, here are tonight I heard her talk to over Miaomiao, we really did not expect a pat. , Ying-Ying Wu and the other students in the school introduced as the representative candidates .12 7, Beijing Normal University, the school held a press conference is to promote the Ying-Ying Wu.
Also in his blog, Ying-Ying Wu canvassing.
under selection process, this Person of the Year Award in 2006 National Student voting phase of activity at 0:00 on December 13 deadline, yesterday, journalists open the selected website, the 25 listed in the Home in the name of Ying-Ying Wu is not found. (Xinhua Wu Xiaojing Li Liqiang)
Ying-Ying Wu, 21, Beijing Normal University senior girls, psychology.
Ying-Ying Wu, the American Enterprise Topcoder vice president of Asia.
two very different present and together, made her suddenly become the new darling of the media. In media reports, she is portrayed as a genius mm over a hundred inventions, three national patents, computer programming expert, 艺术特长生, all seemingly . Ying-Ying Wu, vice president of foreign office to the news release to the outside world, attracting swarms of media coverage.
convention interview with Ying-Ying Wu is not difficult, the difficulty is the time to see her.
12 月 9 日 4 pm press in accordance with the Ying-Ying Wu Office of the appointed time came, no one saw her sight. Ronaldinho told reporters that her colleague, Ying-Ying Wu these days too many people interviewed, she has ears in work. Ying-Ying Wu with Ronaldinho in the same office, 20 more square meters of space, before and after the two office rooms. Ying-Ying Wu a corner desk, a blue BUBU bear lying. next to shelves of books she normally read. remove the professional books, inspirational books, has just been Connaught Bell Award for , red lip gloss girl a little fashion sense; a black business wear, lace shirt in a big set of standard professional lady dressed; speaks like a small speech cadence. These are to let her look mature than many girls her age.
the interview day to 8 points, Ying-Ying Wu to immediately participate in company meetings. journalists can only agree with her again the next day 10:00 to continue across the world. The next day until 13:00 or so, her home has just concluded a Beijing TV media interviews.
once again see Ying-Ying Wu, with a trace on her young face could not conceal the tired, could not help but complain to reporters, I should take the amount of news coverage is how much? School Press Center had arranged for me a result, most of the day to take me! now my boss I have a little dissatisfied! day and night programming, the present day three and four hours sleep, she seemed a bit because of the media by surprise bombing force.
give Stanford, Ying-Ying Wu received Topcoder
fact, there is another option. This year August 26, Ying-Ying Wu access to study at Stanford University is about to end, because of her outstanding achievements, she has a Master of Psychology at Stanford University to pursue the opportunity.
the same stage, Topcoder (hereinafter referred to as Tc) an invitation to her company.
situation, I think this post is for my expertise and interest in my past experience, whether as ACM (the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest) in the Competition Organizing Committee and the Challenge Cup experience, can to some extent support my work on this. talks. China's software able to provide stimulation and education, power, development of software talents in China. life, play a pioneering role classmates were shocked.
small Zhuo is a classmate of Ying-Ying Wu. According to a small Zhuojie Shao, a total of more than 70 students in the class, the current work is given a Ying-Ying Wu, and most of the students are in looking for work ; dire straits convinced the people because of their large gap between the reality of her, while they do not understand Ying-Ying Wu.
Sun Jiaqing told reporters, Ying-Ying Wu is often not in class, usually with less exposure to people. Moreover, she acted low-key awards in the international community to take , also never tell you.
rules, she has been know what they want. also involved in research, competition, mainly refers to the ACM competition (ie, ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest), sophomore continues to participate in ACM's contest, but more time to devote to the Challenge Business Plan Competition, junior turned ACM, organizational work and research work, a senior side continue research work, he began a new phase I am. Organization of the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery, the International Computer Association) sponsored, recognized as the world's largest and highest level of international Collegiate Programming Contest, allows participating students through the competition to demonstrate the use of computers to analyze and solve problems themselves capacity.
The competition not only illustrates the ability of Ying-Ying Wu in a certain area, leaving her students with the general community has a different perspective.
Sun Jiaqing that Ying-Ying Wu in the process, Race organizers and the process of doing business, get to know a lot of people. she dared to express themselves in the process, to show themselves, her social vision is not the same. hit the jackpot the state.
is the target, and so Paul does not feel Kaoyan on the research of the target, pass the test of the work to find that feeling hit which is which. Choose tutor, waiter and so on. many students did not mind working, not planning. , programming is her hobby, she did not like the way some students give up because of professional interest, nor give up the profession because of love. Sunjia Qing said, sophomore year when I asked her, what is your career plan, she told me she thought of a place to carry out scientific research. She found her interest in science and technology and the like, such as inventions, like computer programming is very particular about the creation of things, she also feel that they are suitable for their work, she felt that this combination is better. she felt that their advantage lies in a very comprehensive, is designed to go after not suitable for the road, more suitable for integrated location. .
Ying-Ying Wu has two beliefs: do they like to do; Once started, it must adhere to in the end. orientation to find their own characteristics. , way is to stand out by their favorite programming. And this time she suffered the first of life in Waterloo.
that game results are not expected to reach her goal of a lot worse from her target. Competition is October of each year held, which means the game is sophomore in high school she was able to participate in the final. She can no longer participate as an ACM contest high school students, and that makes her return to college entrance route. She used the time to review the year third year three-year course, the last year to focus on lines above the score of twenty to be admitted ahead of Beijing Normal University.
school freshman, she immediately joined the ACM group. until 8 am the next day, constantly modify a program. In fact, I was an old ox. learned that what competition is, what a difficult thing, to the university to give up. She gathered the boys, experts gathered in the program areas of competition persevered, and I know she has a particularly difficult time, she did not give up. In the contest this point, Ying-Ying Wu's mother was opposed to. time could not see her pass boxes, I have for her anxious. , studied the two-dimensional coordinates of plane geometry, inadvertently, I have made a design inspiration. In fact this is something I've been thinking for a long time. Wandering
Ying-Ying Wu's junior and senior high school life are key Shishi Middle School in Sichuan Province, spent, studying hard and buried under academic pressure than most of the same age together, just a little alternative. , class and do not listen, do my r l fast search technology inventions. waver in class, doing the doing. My classmates can not stand me, they are in class every day I cut Kacha Kacha dictionary in class, punch. high school who is basically a go its own way, the teacher began to say, Ying-Ying Wu lectures! I feel like I will listen to that. I would only do things according to their own ideas. high school rehearsal of To do this, I just want to live by his understanding of inclusive. said: often caused controversy with the students. This will lead to other students countered, she would debate in the classroom with the students. further education system, stifling. In Ying-Ying Wu received in China, launched by the Yang, a lot of time, who do not know whether she was in the test a relatively satisfactory test results. high school is the most exaggerated in the classroom can not go to the bathroom, as if to a toilet to learn a lot less than others like, this is a very extreme conditions. arrangements for their own lives so rich and varied, and no escape from this kind of education system, so that people feel very magical. Ying-Ying Wu commented on the outstanding reasons: level. only an absolute interest, there is no absolute success!! the media side of the story often overlooks many of the details, the people thinking of introducing a cleverly designed trap. feel helpless. Ying-Ying Wu is to exercise this way. Basically she wants to do what parents are strongly supported. even to be a model, we are concerned about her, she voted with great enthusiasm. I have a friend say, is that you never gave her pour cold water. , obsessed with the invention of the Ying-Ying Wu often locked himself in the house. inventions. young Ying-Ying Wu also aware of the serious studies, my mother had asked incredulously if I can successfully admitted to focus on high school. ;
Ying-Ying Wu for her own feelings of the family is: a particularly relaxed environment to grow. parents are basically respected the wishes of my own, I want to do what to do. how to make money online business is not quite understand, or start your site in all kinds of lost its way, but after all, has become an indisputable fact!
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Unfortunately, two-track dispute the right of invention

 Unfortunately, two-track dispute over rights to inventions Moganshan meeting
sorghum Zhang Shaojie
Watson witness Source: 21st Century Business Herald
1984  9 month, by the Young workers in the National Symposium on Economic Science consider it necessary to come forward and clear historical facts.
two-track dispute the right of the origin of the invention
Originally, multi-track multi-track and even the price, was the originator of the progressive advance reform and opening up, the price adjustment with the natural product release . Moganshan meeting is proposed to capitalize on the trend, however, this practice of intentionally or unintentionally, into a conscious strategy to achieve the transition of China's economy.
records and reports at the time that, at the price reform Moganshan problem is divided into three factions: the source for the deployment of the field representatives; release sent to Weiying as representatives; Watson, Hejia Cheng, Jiang Yue, sorghum, Zhang Shaojie and others proposed a third combination of claim mm release two-track adjustment idea, have been meeting agreed to when he was State Councilor Zhang Jinfu Comrade reported, and ultimately adopted by the central authorities.
However, the release stressed combined two-track strategy for advancing the implementation from the start, to have been a considerable amount of responsibility doubt and criticism, which With the reform in depth and contradictions accumulate, even notorious in the late 1980s, several of us who propose two-track system will naturally become a focus of criticism targets. Therefore, all documents open in the 1980s and even the media information only controversy surrounding the two-track system, No one invented out of contention for the right.
1990's dual-track system to be more the beginning of an overall positive evaluation, Watson'd pointed out many times in the memoir, two-track system is the collective wisdom of Moganshan meeting, and he and related parties simply because of historical accident and opportunities, became symbolic representatives. The right of today's so-called dual-track system argue the invention, as the author of Xu Jingan Moganshan meeting pointed out the main report, is Weiying in the 1990s, started it.
Weiying in the 1990s published books on their own in the introduction, the first self-styled know where he is presented and discussed. Therefore, even though over 1980 people are very surprised to see them, but none of us did not come out to select suspect and rejected. Weiying until its publication in 2006 of home, ; on. In the article, made his first two-track price system reform ideas. Moganshan meeting he said I was put to send representatives. In the end, my point of view to persuade the majority of people, the conference organizers to government leaders r l easy way to listen to my point of view made some amendments to the State Council put forward the meeting The price of Reform, led by the State Council, the attention, l r the resulting two-track price reform of China's official policy. memories are very different, thus causing the so-called debate on the dual system of invention.
as a witness and the parties of this history, we always felt that after the changes of history is very regrettable, but the two-track system has been down in history compete for the right of individuals not the invention of what it meant, so these years we have been avoiding to make a positive statement on the Weiying comments.
However, the recent meeting in Moganshan essentially single-handedly turns fight, more and more applause, memories diametrically opposed, can not simultaneously be true. Weiying said if true, then we've said several two-track meeting on the Moganshan who is lying and fake history. Thus, while such non-black and white case, the truth will always make it clear that some embarrassment, but as the history of what the parties have no room to avoid. We also had three decades of reform and opening up the occasion to clarify the truth, which is both history and the general public respect the right to know, but also help the purification of academic research and people's understanding of the true life story of the reform.
meeting
fact witness in the eyes of history, meeting on the situation in Mogan, meeting over the delegates has brought the country's media .1980 few, but they can influence the young reformers of course, major national decision-making will not be ignored. Moganshan sponsoring organizations of the meeting of media, After the two-track system had been adopted by the central authorities published an interview with Watson, and 4 in 1985 to Periodicals. article describes in detail how the meeting proposed by Watson and others, and to report to the leadership of the two-track release with the case transferred , including such a statement: characteristics of the price path of reform, , Weiying is putting the camp, has nothing to do with the dual system (see the Dean Professor Li Xiaoxi article. Moganshan meeting he was an active figure price group discussions, and in 1987 published representative of society at that time very influential on the views of the year 1999, when he was Secretary of the State Council Research Office as a macro, in his comments when this paper in the 1980s, the generation of two-track system of the year made a complete Description: was promoted as the main ideas of economic reform, it is from the beginning of the meeting. Moganshan meeting in l r, there are three ways of price reform debate: a price to bring up the main idea, and this is the price of the State Council center represented by Comrade Tian; a price to put the main idea, which is represented by Comrade Weiying; there is a advocate dual pricing system, this is the Academy of Social Sciences Watson, represented by Comrade He Jiacheng. In retrospect, to bring up the main idea of conservative, hh prices to put the main, hh possible haste makes waste, anti leading the reform to fail. Most people agree that dual pricing system point of view. hh this line of thinking, and later approval by the Central leaders. Therefore, the price of dual pricing system as a major policy reform introduced. was removed in a main report, summed up in two ideas, however, were grouped and not others but it is precisely removed Weiying point of view. This is because the session leader of the majority of people and organizations that release of a free market price views are too radical, is not feasible, while leaders have stressed the view that, therefore, at the meeting to report to the State Councilor Zhang Jinfu comrades, decided to report only two-track system to send to the idea of Watson, while meeting the reform proposals submitted by the two prices were assigned Tian Yuan, Watson drafting, as an attachment by the sum of these two proposals Xu Jingan written combination of ideas. In this regard, an important meeting to participate in Mogan and organizers, but also in Moganshan Weiying work unit after the meeting that China's economic reform Chen, director of the Institute have a clear description of the consultation. < br> He recalls that when the State Council had to report in person meetings to introduce the mechanism, in principle, yes, but not the specific operational, make such observations of young scholars to understand economics, but not know enough about the actual situation of China; second opinion is too strong, that the current can only do price adjustment, tone only after parity reasonable price reform, the problem is never subjective transfer price adjustment Watson, Zhang Shaojie, sorghum, represented that the prices must be liberalized gradually open to form a market mechanism, let go of the price adjustment is an administrative directive, called the release tone combination, the first release after the transfer. This are ways to gradually expand the market share, so that mandatory plans to gradually reduce the proportion of raw materials and products, and finally to most of the price determined by the market. The problem is that some people may take advantage of the two spread out speculation, but there can be no perfect program, as long as the benefits and disadvantages of small to large can be .
such as Xu Jingan, said he recalled the factual point of view at the three schools of different arguments, see text Weiying to him after the old leadership of the Economic Restructuring of the work done, but no matter how Weiying He really could not recall at the Weiying and put transfer Mogan combined two-track system have anything to do, and can not do Weiying card. Weiying Youyi the grounds of intellectual property rights, and resolutely oppose Xu Jingan the two of them published on this dialogue, he is the last resort to write the article to clarify the statement Weiying and thoroughly after years of turning the case then Moganshan session, participants on all of us, it can not help but hear staggering. Moganshan price field representatives to discuss a major source, heard at a gathering of people, claiming Weiying proposed two-track system, and persuaded most of Moganshan meeting, Tian Yuan publicly ask sarcastically asked, home, , the implementation of two-tier prices, the old price of the old approaches to the management, new methods with new approaches to the management, the final establishment of a new alternative to the price system. The earliest proponent.
Now Weiying Mogan said he would be back in writing before a comprehensive dual-track discussion and mountains with the article, why he did not mention at the two-track system in Moganshan? or another person after out publicly declared his article, so that participants, including economic restructuring after joined by his many colleagues and convince leaders on the spot, to wait until 20 years later, it took a little seen and heard of no one The scanned documents effortlessly convince others to do around?
first meeting on Moganshan dual-track system and the monorail system is not the debate, but let it and the tone of the debate, and Weiying is to send a high-profile market place resolutely opposed to transfer.
had Weiying article also mentioned a long tune, say yes, After having deployed at the mountain, completely abandoned his vague or may be to emphasize the idea, put into a complete school, and deployed in a fierce debate. In this case, there's a third idea is Comprehensive two views put tone, the release, transfer all as a rail, put together tune called two-track combination.
were talking about the main two-track system in tune from the loud speaker, walking on two legs, two-track advance this dynamic sense said, and not to engage in program emphasizes both internal and external prices, as participants and leaders do not accept it. In fact, many participants impressed me most was when Watson and pointing gestures to convince the audience and led a strong argument, not advocating engage in two-tier price, but on the contrary, that the Decentralized Multiple Price has appeared inevitable, then, make the best first release scheme prices, the state organization of production in the market, can stimulate the supply, so that the price whereabouts, and then up the price adjustment plan, the plan approach and combined internal and external prices. It is this grasp this opportunity and make the track more normalized price reverse forward ideas and eventually moved the relevant decision makers.
just put two-track price adjustment after the implementation of integrated strategies in the formation of a transitional form, afterwards became a popular buzzword. Moganshan meeting was in the main report and the leadership of instructions are put in tune with that, and no mention of dual-track system. current state Comrade Zhang Jinfu members to listen to listen to Watson reporting for the first time the word referred specifically asked: prices and market speculation and more questions, Watson explained with the dual tone put forward in order to solve this problem, that of are close to, multivalent normalization . Because of his high-profile adhere to the market price of the be confused with the two-track adjustment.
Second, the article said Zhang Weiying large spread of production prices can be adjusted step by step, after release or discharge, at a time when big is the spread of production, the price had also called two-track year dual system of production prices. this area is precisely the first place and can not be adjusted in order to reconcile the first place while that tune after tune with the first release is the price of Moganshan meeting summed up the difference between reform and the two ideas. < br> So, if the article as evidence only Weiying, he is swinging between the two ideas. Weiying said now is the two-track release, that he still did not understand the true meaning of two-track system, nor understand why he had the made high-profile target model and the market price put on the school advocated Moganshan no reason by the majority.
Weiying put ideas were not adopted at the meeting, he will own after the price reform on the main ideas are summarized in an article entitled Economic System Reform Institute published a paper focused on (This article does not mention place throughout Weiying tune with, or even completely avoid that this time the dual system has become very hot word, he removed to show the internal two-track system mentioned in the article only three words of one, to track prices, shows that he intends to differentiate themselves from the meeting place with the tone with two-track system Moganshan boundaries. after the meeting although he and many of Mogan in the Restructuring of the same participants, but no longer discuss this topic with others, the vision of people fading out late .1980 controversy surrounding the two-track strategy to the extent of white-hot, Weiying never participated debate, but completely indifferent, and even wrote his own two-track system in the organization did not participate in the research discussion paper , said no sentence for the two-track system in the affirmative.
Therefore, the so-called two-track system with Weiying article caused a sensation in the mountains, the view Weiying a meeting to convince the majority, two-track system in the 1980s he was scolded for all the curse words, we can not not lie. because at that time that he claims he has no Weiying two-track system, at which most people do not agree with his views but denied all the curse words will appear in today's online world, there is no possibility Only a few official media in the 1980s.
fact is very clear.
Weiying pulled out of that discussion involved. to the 1990s, when Russia's shock therapy was generally responsible for the reform doubt, a new awareness of the Chinese experience, the Nobel laureate in economics Joseph Stiglitz and even praised the two-track system is the Chinese people in transition After the genius of creation, Weiying suddenly on the right track system have great interest in the invention, proposed and demonstrated two-track price system reform ideas of the scholars. Unfortunately, he is in a book entitled also pointed out that he mentioned is very simple, not known, the promotion of social awareness is not working. Weiying internal document which is not mentioned in the year Moganshan raised, and was adopted put the central transfer combined two-track idea, but the concept of a similar two-tier price, go to guide public opinion, China's combined two-track release is his tone made to the.
, however, to a new century, with the rise Weiying status and fame, he first to propose two-track began to have some impact statement, but he was no longer satisfied or can not stop on their own is just made, he took part in the Moganshan meeting to bring the text, it must be logical he presented a two-track system in Moganshan and persuaded most of the meeting, the results to be led to adopt his views, and promote China's the progress of economic reform. But to do so on the final touches Weiying all prices Moganshan meeting participants discussed the moral bottom line. informants provided in a timely manner to meet all stunned.
like Xu Jingan said, come this far, Weiying to improve their academic standing, to seek maximum benefits, a bit irrational. because to prove the point, it must be declared: Since the 1980s, produced the original two-track meeting on the process of Mogan relevant reports, records and memories are made up and lies; Moganshan conference participants and organization leaders to put Weiying gratuitous transfer to others in public view; Weiying himself personally saw the results of their possession by others in the meeting were silent throughout the 1980s and even accepted; so and so other.
but the witness Moganshan meeting are still alive, the core organizers of the meeting or have entered the ranks of national leaders, Weiying claim to be meeting in Moganshan the majority of people applauded as the only proper representative of nod, it is indeed beyond the imagination of all of us. But in history to take the risk that people can not understand, like academic fraud, witness the meeting in order Moganshan into a huge embarrassment, but also to their own shame.
should be noted that in addition Weiying Moganshan meeting must be wiped off the third camp, he has now deployed the criticism is very unfair. Weiying In an interview, said he and Tian, who the target is the price differences between different modes, others are planned price, so with the tune, he argued that the market price model, which with put, his argument with the others into the reform and conservative differences. In fact, the year of the young reformers in the objectives of the reform model and there is no fundamental differences, the argument lies in the way the transition. Xiaoping's goal was to rationalize the prices are raised to find means to reconcile and put way. Tian is instead a transfer, but does not exclude a release after the conditions are ripe. Jiange introduced at the meeting, Zhou Xiaochuan, Lou Jiwei, a small fast transfer ideas, but also set and guided the transition to supply and demand balance, so the differences we The focus is on how the transition.
fact, the practice of price reform in China has proved the ultimate, pure tone, or put a track price reform can not fulfill the complex and gradual transition, it is placed, with the dual tone and by walking on two legs, before going out price reform of China's success. dual-track concept of the impact was so great, because it was found that China's dual system of gradual reform and transformation of co-existence during the incremental development, adjustment and transformation is a common stock of the road to success is to correctly handle the development, reform and stability between the concrete embodiment. dual system is summarized well the concept of incremental progressive reform. And these early exit after the meeting with discussion Moganshan Weiying nothing to do, and then continue to advocate and Weiying various radical views are contradictory. Weiying now says, did not put there is no dual system, which is equivalent to two-track release. So do not tune to a two-track system? countries with the adoption of adjustment is placed, how can lack of a practice hard, do not really understand what is the dual system, that rely on China's price reform is a in the late 1980s had suffered a serious challenge and the community's strong rebound is adjusted by the combination of place to put efforts to promote two-way transfer only through the rapids to the final price reform, the basic completion.
should be noted that the economic system Reform of Chinese economists as a group did play a role, but no one should be easy to revise history, exaggerating the role of individuals. also fair to say that Chinese economists what their original limited, more of a learning and learn from other people's things. in the drawing, if combined with their own characteristics, some development, we innovated. point of view, from the rectification of names for the money, the market price and the open, entrepreneurial function, the privatization of the logic of capital employed labor, etc., in the West is the first in China, not to say it. Weiying, perspective tune with the recommendations put Moganshan thus affecting the reform it? what else can we pick the fruit it?
In fact, economists should know that the real history of promoting social transformation and progress of a government action and public interactive practice. In commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of reform and opening up, the main task of economists is to really Summing up the lessons learned over the past three decades, the next three years for the Chinese people greater and more arduous journey, provide some predictability of how many and perspective of professional power. economists even to leave some traces of the individual, this is the display area can truly unlimited.
Xu Jingan Weiying in the article last words should represent the Moganshan Conference witness to say,

The authority of Cognition in Children

 Review authority cognition in children's music can be good

Zou Xiaoyan summary authority is manifested in the social system, the institutionalization of legitimate power, and the personal exercise of power. The authority of knowledge mainly refers to Characteristics of the relationship between the authority and the authority of knowledge, is an important aspect of social cognition. the correct view of the authority of the training, education for children set an example image, autonomy and social adaptation of children's development. the current understanding of authority The research focuses on understanding the relationship between children and authority of the authority of the impact of cognitive factors and so on. on the authority of the research focused on the relationship between cognitive development of children at different ages on; affects children cognitive authority on the authority of the main factors characteristics of knowledge, command type, social context, problems areas, cultural factors and personality characteristics of children.
Keywords Children authoritative social cognition independence of cognitive authority
1 Introduction
authority (authority ) is manifested in the social system, the institutionalization of legitimate authority, and the personal exercise of power [1]. For children, mainly referring to the authority of parents, teachers and peer influence. the authority of knowledge (conception of authority), including the authority to authority relations and cognitive characteristics, but the authority of the cognitive features of cognitive authority is often seen as one of the factors. the authority of knowledge first appeared in four, and the growth and development with age [2]. authoritative knowledge is an important component of social cognition [3], is the socialization of children an important way for the development of [4]. adolescent conflict with parents, research shows that reflects the authority of the cognitive development of children's autonomy development is the development of children's autonomy important factor [5]. the authority of the parent-child relationship of cognitive development also have important implications for young people the recognition of parental authority higher the degree of affinity with their parents the higher the [6 ]. Piaget first rules from the moral and cognitive study of authority, while the real authority of specialized knowledge on a systematic study of the American psychologist William Damon. In recent years, research on cognitive authority gradually increased, and extended to various fields. So far, research on children's cognitive authority on the authority of the features aimed at children, awareness of the relationship between the authority and the authority of the cognitive effects of cognitive factors and so on.
cognitive development of authority relations
authority of the relationship is between the authority of those with influence and authority of the affected object, the relationship between domination and obedience, is a kind of social relations [12]. For children, the cognitive authority relations refers to children the relationship between himself and the cognitive authority figures, understanding authority relations change with age, showing a certain trend. The correct relationship between the authority of knowledge on children's social adaptation and social practices of the culture have an important role. < br> 2.1 Piaget and Kohlberg Cognitive
authority relations of Piaget, although not directly the authority of knowledge of children, but he believes that the origin of moral responsibility is respected by the people of their order subject to the observance of the authority, reflects the moral awareness of children's cognitive authority. Piaget described children in three different stages of moral cognition, can be found at each stage of cognitive authority on children's descriptions. First of all, previous moral stage (0-5 years), children do not feel the need to obey. This phase was also seen as authoritative before the stage, children's environmental information to the outside world has not yet formed the concept of obedience, the need to obey the first result from the force great respect for adult authority. Then he controlled phase (6-10 years), he embodies the core of the control children on the adult one-way obedience, the authority of this stage, the concept of children is one-way, adult centers, children can not be independent of the authority to make moral judgments. to the independent phase (since 11 years old), children that are equal members of a group, children and adults should be a mutually beneficial relationship, obedience to authority is no longer necessary, as the adults in is the authority and children's moral reasoning about [7]. Kohlberg Jean Piaget's theory is extended to all over the world validation, obtained a similar conclusion that the children can not distinguish experienced authority, subject to the rational way to judge authority of the phase [13].
2.2 Damon the authority of the relationship between cognition
Damon familiar life situation of children in the story of the moral dilemma of children aged 4-11 to explore the authority of knowledge, and children under the age response to the dilemma of the story concluded its authority cognitive development trends. Initially, the child can not request authority figures and their desire to distinguish, the blind worship of authority. Subsequently, the children began to realize the requirements of authority figures with their own desires conflict but based on the worship of authority or fear of punishment and unilateral obedience. with age, children start with a rational evaluation of subject and based on the principle of exchange and reciprocity, the authority of the relationship as mutually beneficial relationship between the two sides. Finally, the absolute authority no longer exists, the relevant authority and special situations [2].
Damon research on authority relations than previous studies with a qualitative leap, especially found in the cognitive development of features of authority relations, but his research No further in-depth, authoritative relationship exists for the scene, children's specific authority under which the relationship between the judge did not elaborate, the lack of authority in the future study of cognitive factors are added in succession.
2.3 Zhang Wei, An Autumn Ling et al Cognitive
of authority relations scholars Rip Millet, who has problems in the study related to children's cognitive authority relations has been discussed. He believes that through early age children are unable to distinguish between the authority and fairness, then after fair stage, the final stage of development to the highest mm on the Wei et al (1996) further explored this conclusion, the results showed that children from age 5 to 10 years of age, cognitive authority relations for the basic line with this trend, but this development is not a straight up, in change around age 13, appears repeatedly. This may be due to the emergence of the reasons children start puberty, for the independent pursuit of self-change, which will once again seek a fair, against the authority of the constraints. This does not mean Children blindly against their parents, the children of this age on the relationship between parental authority in the personal development orientation and cognitive level of co-existence of a coordinated, they can stand in their cognitive authority relationships, and compare the relationship of parental authority reasonable understanding and coordination between the authority of their relationship with their parents [14].
Anqiu Ling, Chen Guopeng authority on cognitive level of Chinese children were found: the authority of the Chinese Children's cognitive development between children with foreign presence similar stages: first, the relationship between children's understanding of authority is mainly affected by the constraints of external information, with the authority of orientation. with age, children experience the subject of cognitive authority, and coordination phase, until eventually the relationship began on the authority of the rational thinking, to determine a relationship of equality [14].
addition to the above study, a large number of children's social cognitive researchers also conducted a study of cognitive authority relations. Selman has studied the authority of the parent-child relations event, subject to , penalties, and other issues to resolve conflicts, and through the children of these events to infer the authority of the cognitive reasoning level, the above studies found a similar conclusion [15].
can see, all the authority of cognitive research on children The results are almost consistent. young children can not be described as an authority figure demands and aspirations of its own distinction between the blind worship of authority, single subject, there is no concept of real authority; school-age children are beginning to realize the requirements of authority figures with their own aspirations the conflict, but the constraints based on external information still has the authority orientation; adolescence is considered a two-way parent-child relationship, children begin with a rational evaluation, parental authority is only through a wealth of knowledge and skills exist. Generally speaking, children gradually adults as equal authority with the children grow older the image decreases. In addition, note that children respond to the authority of the strategy also corresponds with this development process is constantly changed, from the initial use of accepted strategy development to strategy consultation and refused ��34��.
3 children, the impact of cognitive factors in the authority of the authority of
children is a need for an overall sense of understanding the concept, influenced by many factors. The current research focuses the authority of the person's own characteristics, the type of command authority be issued, the existing social situation, problems areas, and cultural factors and personality characteristics of children on other factors.
3.1 authority characteristics (authority attributes) Cognitive < br> authority of the features is the authority figure has to be the authority of the specific features. children's cognitive characteristics of authority including the physical characteristics of adults, adult identity, social status and knowledge of nurses, and this knowledge by the impact of cultural background, different cultural backgrounds of children in the cognitive differences.
Piaget that the orientation of young children is based on the authority of adult age, size, strength and other physical characteristics [7], and Damon et al study found that adult status, knowledge, and authority figures of the social status characteristics of children judged the authority to consider an important factor [2] [8].
Based on this, Laupa system, the authority of the U.S. school-age children feature of cognitive study found that in children early, children can not understand the importance of social status, knowledge is the most important feature of the authority to determine, with age, to middle childhood, children, lack of social status or deny the authority of knowledge characteristics ; to adolescence, social status is the authority to determine the most important feature, much better than knowledge. Overall, the authority to judge children's progress, the social status of the evaluation is the most important factor, followed by knowledge of adult status and can not be authority of the rationalization of reasons, but also has social status and knowledge of people more likely to become the authority [9].
ZHANG Wei et al study found that Chinese children with American children the most valued characteristics of different social status, China Children pay more attention to general knowledge, that knowledge is the basis for judging the authority of the Chinese identity of young adult children are the most valued and least valued social status, with age, social status characteristics of this authority gradually increased, and then as an adult gradually decreased [10]. This may be due to cultural influences, the Chinese tradition of respecting knowledge society, and American society more attention to children's social competence, and therefore, American children on the social acceptance of a higher level of organization. In addition, as an adult and knowledge factors as the authority of the moral characteristics of Chinese children's moral judgments of fuzzy events also have important implications [11]. It should be noted that although the authority of American children of different recognition characteristics of different, but both feature a variety of authoritative Children are more easily accepted by the lack of any authority of the features will affect the authority of the image set.
3.2 command type (type of command)
for children who do not always obey authority, the authority who issued by the different type of command influence children's authority judgments. especially when the authority issued harm others command, children are more willing to accept peer and adult non-authoritative commands (such as stop fighting) [8]. Laupa further explore the pre-school children and school-age children to obey the command of authority, the results showed that all children are present in this matter of similarity, difference is that pre-school children are still receiving a small portion of the irrational command authority figures (beating, etc.), and school-age children unreasonable, without exception, against the authority of command. It describes the authority of the previous cognitive level consistent with the trend, that the authority was originally targeted young children, the age rating on the authority of the gradual growth of the objective [17]. In addition , another study found, children with parents or friends at home than on the authority, children are more recognized in the formulation of its rules against theft authority [16]. Thus, children are more sensitive to the moral order, especially when the authority's orders violate social ethics, the child more to be rejected. This is the field on issues related to the problems.
3.3 problems areas (domain)
recent years, researchers on children's social different areas of cognitive problems occurred beginning to pay attention. The initial field is divided into areas of moral, social and psychological areas of conventional fields. ethical areas mainly related to personal power and well-being issues, such as assault or theft; social conventional fields is about the individual in society system of coordination and interactions, such as table manners, etc.; psychological field is about the concept of individual psychological characteristics, such as beliefs, thoughts, feelings and opinions, including personal events, such as personal friends, or style of dress, etc. [15] .
Smetana further divided into three areas as ethics, social routine, friendship matters and complex matters, safety and health matters, personal affairs, on this basis, the authority on young people of understanding further. of moral General Affairs and Social Research found that parents and children that parents have authority to bind the moral and social conventional children's behavior; but in personal matters (such as household chores and children's personal appearance, etc.) and some complex matters (cases involving a number of areas event), the youth and their parents often conflict because of these matters, the parents of children considered to be personal matters outside the competence, more likely to refuse to limit the authority of parents, and parents were considered to be within their competence, society should be routine. but with age, parents and children agree that children in such matters with greater decision-making power; in the safety and health matters, although parents and young people think that such matters are within the scope of adolescent self- , but for safety and health considerations, parents, adolescents and parents were recognized authority on such matters [22]. However, young people still strive for greater autonomy [23].
In addition, children with occurrence of parental authority areas of conflict cultural differences [24]. Smetana study of Chinese children in Hong Kong found that 4-year-olds could have been personal affairs and the moral and social routine to distinguish, and that children in the personal affairs of a certain power, and in the moral and conventional issues parents discretion. Similarly, with age, children believe that more decisions should pursue opportunities [25].
ZHANG Wei et al (1996) to our children research in the field for the problem and found that Chinese children in morality, life and friendship is concerned, although some differences (slightly lower proportion of individuals subject to making friends), but the difference was not significant, that parental authority in all areas of recognition are relatively high, this happens because the Chinese children's self-awareness is not strong enough, it may be more traditional Chinese values emphasize all the result of collaboration rather than individual subject teachers ..
authority on reasonable there are also areas to determine the difference. Youth that the moral, conventional, complex matters, the teacher has a reasonable authority, and in personal matters of the children should have more decision-making power.
areas of authority of the theory of cognitive study not only for adolescents in the United States, in Mexico, China, the Philippines and other countries in Europe the study of young people has also been similar conclusions [27]. field theory, more recent research has made some achievements, the authority Other related areas of cognitive research foundation. But in the area of the division of authority in all areas of cognitive development of children in the study of the extent there are still some ambiguity, need further study.
3.4 social situations ( social context)
authority is a social relationship rather than merely a personal characteristic, which changes with changes in the social context, different social situations, children have the same authority figures in different cognitive and social Context is an important factor of cognitive authority.
research shows that children of school authority (such as teachers and principals) has great situational cognitive limitations, the vast majority of children made it clear that the authority is not entitled to off-campus school rules in any context, even a small part of children's recognition of its legitimacy, but also to prevent injury in a number of events (such as fighting), which also has the mandate of reasonable real time characteristics. and none of the high grade children exception against the school authority of the characteristics across situations than children in lower grades more likely to accept the authority of schools outside the school where some of the rules established by the command [18]. The features and characteristics of children's cognitive development authority consistent with the existence sex.
compared with the school authority, parental authority can be extended to situations outside the home (such as schools and parks, etc.), with cross-situational. This may be because their parents were authoritative role as one of child care, there is no to be confined to special occasions. But this does not mean that parental authority is unlimited authority, when parents and teachers command a conflict between the command, the command in the school will be limited rationality [19]. In addition, social the field situation and the problem occurred there was an interaction. Tisak et al study also found violations in the development of moral and social rules do not meet the order on the authority of mothers and teachers have more rationality across situations. In addition, the mother at home than in schools have more authority, and teachers in schools with more authority [20].
more restrictive for children of obedience, and compliance behavior of situational significance [21], only the grasp of children situational factors in social cognition, personality and social nature of children will have a full and true understanding. In addition, the command authority figures in different conflict situations and circumstances and the binding of different orders are very important issues , but has not been specific research, so this will still continue to be one of the case.
3.5 cultural factors
previous studies have shown that children in different cultures have the concept of social rules different. collectivist culture, children are often considered to be more social harmony, more must abide by the authority; and individual culture of the children are more independent, more emphasis on individual rights. Typically, the individual culture of the United States as representatives, Zeyi collectivist culture of China and Japan, represented by [28]. However, the findings as a basis to find, and usually that is contrary to the views, the Chinese young people more support in the peer context for children's independent decision opposition to adult authority to make all the decisions; and the study of Canadian children found that some of Canada's young children on the school curriculum more supportive of the decision-making authority of adults, the researchers believe may be due to too much emphasis on hierarchy in Chinese families, young people that the authority of parents of children already have too much control, resulting in strong demand their autonomy, while Western society is just the opposite [29]. The study also shows that the reasons for the modernization of China has undergone great social relationships of children changes in view of the authority of the child began to fade, and the parents of children began to be more willing to respect the choice of [30]. These are the needs of social cognition in children in cross-cultural study of the factors to be considered.
3.6 children's personality Features
personality of the child's own perception of their authority. Xuqin Mei and others on the authority of children with different levels of cognitive anxiety, and found that children with high anxiety and low anxiety children cognitive behavior of teachers the authority of the significant differences. high anxiety children cognitive behavior of teachers, the main authority is not subject to, and relatively low anxiety children to obey. Also, children's anxiety level interaction between gender, anxiety level that affects only boys of different behavior on the cognitive authority of teachers , no influence on the girls [31]. but for the personality characteristics of an authority figure that the character of the child on the authority of the good or bad does not really care [11].
these factors are important to the authority of the cognitive influence, but it should be noted that these factors are not isolated impact on children's conception of authority, and sometimes interact with certain types of factors that play a role. such as the social context of the study found that the problem in different areas, authority by the degree of cross-situational differences exist ([20]); and different types and different areas of command sometimes the authority of the common perception of the child.
addition to the above factors, the parenting styles, adolescent family economic background and other factors also affect children's cognitive authority. studies show that with laissez faire and authoritarian parenting styles than authoritative rearing children can develop a more objective assessment of the authority of [23]. Compared with low-income families high-income families rejected parents of young people more authority in the personal affairs of the constraints [32]. while studies have shown that the adoption of children, and families living in the natural parents of children and to defend their autonomy against the authority of parents relative to ratio of children to be adopted is more subject to parental authority [33]. Also note that with the development of society, girls and boys in response to the strategy used when the authority was no significant difference [34].
4 Conclusion
authority cognition in children's development is the formation of social personality an important way, the correct view of the formation of the authority will affect children's peer relationships is essential, parent-child relations. in recent years, cognitive authority research has made great progress, but there is still insufficient. First of all, on the authority of the cognitive studies are too scattered, not systematic, on the authority of the characteristics of the type of command in different contexts and the role of the field to grasp the cross which had been lacking, although Some of this is illustrated, but for different characteristics and different type of command authority to the field in various situations and the interaction is not specifically addressed; Secondly, the research method there are some limitations of the past, the story mainly dilemma method interviews and other researchers is presented to the subjects of the pictures or description of the story, which may occur because of language comprehension of children with different development or other reasons of reliability of the results. Therefore, in the future study, we should pay attention to the improvement of this method, recent research in the field of social personality, people no longer confined to the past, some of the research method, has been trying to combine with the cognitive domain, if you can try cognitive approach The combination of traditional methods to study children's conception of authority, the significance of the results will be even greater. In addition, we can see that the study of cognitive authority in the United States, cross-cultural research is only in a few countries, such as China, Canada, Hong Kong and other places, cross-cultural research is not enough depth and breadth. Finally, although the authority of the characteristics of an authority figure is not necessarily found in adults, but most experimental studies are proposed to the authority of the image for adults, and peer authority and has not been much attention, but this can not be ignored, therefore, in future studies to focus on this aspect of the problem. In short, to the interplay of social relations cognitive grasp of the characteristics of children and the authority of the law of development in order to better understand children's personality development, for education.
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